スウェーデン＝ノルウェー

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』

スウェーデン=ノルウェー連合は1814年から1905年の間のスウェーデンとノルウェーの王国を指す。このときこの王国は同君連合による一つの君主国として連合していた。8月14日の『モス協定』とノルウェーの11月4日の改憲の後に同連合は成立した。同じ日にノルウェー議会は国王にカール13世を選んだ。

1815年8月6日に両国王室の承認によって布告された連合法は両国に異なった形で履行された。ノルウェーでは、同法はRigsaktenとして知られる憲法の一部であり、スウェーデンでは同法はRiksaktenとして知られる一般法の条項の一つのまとまりである。ウィーン会議による旧体制の復古においてはノルウェーとスウェーデンの連合は対象にされなかった。

スウェーデンとノルウェーは過去に2度連合王国を形成した。それは1319年から1343年の間および、1449年から1450年の間、デーン人によってカルマル同盟の王に選ばれたオルデンブルク家のクリスチャン1世に対してである。

新たな連合にノルウェーは不承不承参加した。これを契機として、ノルウェーの歴史および文化が当時の文学において、賞賛された。ノルウェー農村の文化は、スウェーデンによって強いられた連合に対するナショナリズム的象徴となった。ナショナリズムが成長した事で、ノルウェーの政治もナショナリズムを見越して行われるようになった。^[1]

1837年1月14日にStorthingとカール14世ヨハンが署名した法律よって、ノルウェー地方自治政府の承認が行われた。これはノルウェーにとっての重要な政治的段階であった。^[2]ノルウェー憲法によって必須とされたこの法律は、いずれの教区（ノルウェー語：prestegjeld）が行政区分(formannsskaps distrikt)を形成することを委ねた。^[3]これによって、国内のノルウェー国教会の教区が行政上の区分となり、1837年には373のformannsskapsdistriktが設立された。^[4]

自治政府が田舎に浸透した事は大きな政治的分岐点であった。1837年の法令は町と農村の両方に同じ施設を与えることとなった。それは市民にとってはとるに足らぬ出来事ではあったが、農村とノルウェー民族主義にとっては大きな進歩であった。

ノルウェーで連合による不満が高まるにつれ、議会は満場一致で1905年の7月7日にその分離を宣言した。 このノルウェーの片務的なな行動はスウェーデンからの戦争の脅迫という問題に直面した。が、8月13日の国民投票 はa majority of 368,208 to 184という賛成多数によって議会の決議を確認した。

カールスタドで交渉が持たれ、9月23日にスウェーデンとの合意によって相互は総動員を停止した。両国の議会は10月16日には『連合法』を取り消し、退位した国王オスカル2世は彼のノルウェー王座に対する主張を放棄した。10月26日にはノルウェーは独立した王国として認識された。ノルウェー議会はデンマークのカール王子をノルウェー王につけるという議決をし、国民投票で王位が確認された後、カールはそれを受諾した。1905年11月25日、彼はノルウェーにやってきてホーコン7世として即位した。

目次 1 新王朝 2 ノルウェーとの同君連合 3 ベルナドッテ朝 4 オスカル1世 5 カール15世 6 連合国家 7 連合の解消 8 関連項目 9 Notes

[編集] 新王朝

関連項目: カール14世ヨハン (スウェーデン王)

カール13世は虚弱で子供がいなかった。王位継承を維持するために、彼はアウグステンボーのクリスチャン・アウグスト公を後継者として養子にした。クリスチャン・アウグスト公はノルウェーの副王と、1808年から1809年のスウェーデンの侵攻に対しての抵抗の成功の間、ノルウェー陸軍の総司令官を務めてきた。彼のノルウェーでの大変な人気はスウェーデンのノルウェー獲得計画に有利に働くと考えられた。加えて、 彼はrefraining from invading Sweden during the conflict with ロシアによる二国間のrapprochementに強い関心を示した。

スウェーデン皇太子として彼は名前をカール・アウグスト・アウグステンボーと変えた。1810年の5月28日の彼の謎めいた死のあと、フランスの元帥ベルナドッテがカール13世の養子にされ、そしてベルナドッテは1810年の11月5日、estatesの尊敬を受けた。、

新皇太子は極めてすぐにスウェーデンで最も人気があり、強い男となった。老王の衰弱とPrivy Council of Swedenの不和によって、政府と特に外交問題のコントロールのほぼ全体をベルナドッテの掌握するとことになった。そして、彼は大胆な政策を採用した。それは実にスウェーデンの守旧派の願いや希望に対して敵対的なものであった。もしかしたら、最も事情に合致したものかもしれない。彼は一旦は喪失したフィンランドを諦めた。彼はロシア帝国が決して自発的に大公国を放棄しないであろうということを知っていたし、仮に、フィンランドを再征服しても、スウェーデンが恒久的にそれを保持することができないことをも知っていた。しかし、ノルウェーの獲得がフィンランド喪失を補うに違いないであろう。ベルナドッテ－今では皇太子カール14世ヨハンとして知られる－は反ナポレオン勢力についていくためにフランスに忠実なデンマークを、そこからノルウェーに攻撃することで、懲罰することは簡単な事柄の一つであろうと論じた。

Napoleon he rightly distrusted, though at first he was obliged to submit to the emperor's dictation. Thus on November 13, 1810 the Swedish government was forced to declare war against the United Kingdom, though the British government was privately informed at the same time that Sweden was not a free agent and that the war would be a mere demonstration. But the pressure of Napoleon became more and more intolerable, culminating in the occupation of Pomerania by French troops in 1812. The Swedish government thereupon concluded a secret convention with Russia Treaty of Petersburg, April 5, 1812 undertaking to send 30,000 men to operate against Napoleon in Germany in return for a promise from Alexander I of Russia guaranteeing to Sweden the possession of Norway. Too late Napoleon endeavoured to outbid Alexander by offering to Sweden Finland, all Pomerania and Mecklenburg, in return for Sweden's active co-operation against Russia.

The Örebro Riksdag (April-August, 1812), remarkable besides for its partial repudiation of Sweden's national debt and its reactionary press laws, introduced general conscription into Sweden, and thereby enabled the crown prince to carry out his ambitious policy. In May 1812 he mediated a peace between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, so as to enable Russia to use all her forces against France (Peace of Bucharest); and on July 18, at Örebro, peace was also concluded between the United Kingdom on one side and Russia and Sweden on the other.

These two treaties were, in effect, the corner-stones of a fresh coalition against Napoleon, and were confirmed on the outbreak of the Franco-Russian War by a conference between Alexander and Charles John at Åbo on August 30, 1812 when the tsar undertook to place an army corps of 35,000 men at the disposal of the Swedish crown prince for the conquest of Norway.

[編集] ノルウェーとの同君連合

The Treaty of Åbo, and indeed the whole of Charles John's foreign policy in 1812, provoked violent and justifiable criticism among the better class of politicians in Sweden. The immorality of indemnifying Sweden at the expense of a weaker friendly power was obvious; and, while Finland was now definitively sacrificed, Norway had still to be won. さらに、英国とロシアは極めてproperlyに以下のことを主張した。カール・ヨハンの第1の義務は、the former power vigorously である反ナポレオン連合に対して、敵が撃破する前、無法なノルウェー遠征における出費に反対することである。 Only on his very ungracious compliance did the United Kingdom also promise to countenance the union of Norway and Sweden (Treaty of Stockholm, March 3, 1813); and, on April 23, Russia gave her guarantee to the same effect.

The Swedish crown prince rendered several important services to the allies during the campaign of 1813 but, after Leipzig, he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and secure Norway. The Norwegians themselves were opposed to this, and a short war broke out where the Swedish were forced to settle for a personal union of two equal countries, rather than to take Norway as a new territory as intended. The terms were laid down at the Convention of Moss. On November 4, 1814, the parliament of Norway revised the constitution and elected Charles XIII of Sweden as the new king of Norway.

[編集] ベルナドッテ朝

関連項目: ベルナドッテ王朝

Charles XIII of Sweden, died on February 5, 1818, and was succeeded by Bernadotte under the title of Charles XIV John. The new king devoted himself to the promotion of Charles the material development of the country, the Göta Canal absorbing the greater portion of the twenty-four million Riksdaler voted for the purpose. The external debt of Sweden was gradually extinguished, the internal debt considerably reduced, and the budget showed an average annual surplus of 700,000 Riksdaler. With returning prosperity the necessity for internal reform became urgent in Sweden.

The antiquated Riksdag of the Estates, where the privileged estates predominated, while the cultivated middle class was practically unrepresented, had become an insuperable obstacle to all free development; but though the Riksdag of 1840 itself raised the question, the king and the aristocracy refused to entertain it. Yet the reign of Charles XIV was, on the whole, most beneficial to Sweden; and if there was much just cause for complaint, his great services to his adopted country were generally acknowledged. Abroad he maintained a policy of peace based mainly on a good understanding with Russia.

[編集] オスカル1世

関連項目: オスカル1世 (スウェーデン王)

Charles XIV's son and successor King Oscar I was much more liberally inclined. Shortly after his accession on March 4, 1844 he laid several projects of reform before the Riksdag; but the estates would do little more than abolish the obsolete marriage and inheritance laws and a few commercial monopolies. As the financial situation necessitated a large increase of taxation, there was much popular discontent, which culminated in riots in the streets of Stockholm March 1848. Yet, when fresh proposals for parliamentary reform were laid before the Riksdag in 1849, they were again rejected by three out of the four estates.

As regards foreign politics, Oscar I was strongly anti-German. On the outbreak of the Dano-Prussian War of 1848-1849, Sweden sympathized warmly with Denmark. Hundreds of Swedish volunteers hastened to Schleswig-Holstein. The Riksdag voted 2,000,000 Riksdaler for additional armaments. It was Sweden, too, who mediated the Truce of Malmö on August 26, 1848 which helped Denmark out of her difficulties. During the Crimean War Sweden remained neutral, although public opinion was decidedly anti-Russian, and sundry politicians regarded the conjuncture as favourable for regaining Finland.

[編集] カール15世

関連項目: カール15世ヨハン (スウェーデン王)

Oscar I was succeeded on July 8, 1859 by his son, Charles XV, who had already acted as regent during his father's illnesses. He succeeded, with the invaluable assistance of the minister of justice, Baron Louis de Geer, in at last accomplishing the much-needed reform of the constitution. The way had been prepared in 1860 by a sweeping measure of municipal reform; and, in January 1863, the government brought in a reform bill by the terms of which the Riksdag was henceforth to consist of two chambers, the Upper House being a sort of aristocratic senate, while the members of the Lower House were to be elected triennially by popular suffrage.

The new constitution was accepted by all four estates in 1865 and promulgated on January 22, 1866. On September 1, 1866, the first elections under the new system were held; and on January 19, 1867, the new Riksdag met for the first time. With this one great reform Charles XV had to be content; in all other directions he was hampered, more or less, by his own creation. The Riksdag refused to sanction his favourite project of a reform of the Swedish army on the Prussian model, for which he laboured all his life, partly from motives of economy, partly from an apprehension of the king's martial tendencies.

In 1864 Charles XV had endeavoured to form an anti-Prussian league with Denmark; and after the defeat of Denmark he projected a Scandinavian Union, in order, with the help of France, to oppose Prussian predominance in the north - a policy which naturally collapsed with the overthrow of the French Empire in 1870. He died on September 18, 1872 and was succeeded by his brother, the duke of Ostrogothia, who reigned as Oscar II.

[編集] 連合国家

The relations with Norway during King Oscar's reign had great influence on political life in Sweden, and more than once it seemed as if the union between the two countries was on the point of being wrecked. The dissensions chiefly had their origin in the demand by Norway for separate consuls and eventually a separate foreign service. Norway had, according to the constitution of 1814, the right to separate consular offices, but had not exercised that right partly for financial reasons, partly because the consuls appointed by the Swedish foreign office generally did a satisfactory job of representing Norway.

At last, after vain negotiations and discussions, the Swedish government in 1895 gave notice to Norway that the commercial treaty which until then had existed between the two countries and would lapse in July 1897 would, according to a decision in the Riksdag, cease, and as Norway at the time had raised the customs duties, a considerable diminution in the exports of Sweden to Norway took place. Count Lewenhaupt, the Swedish minister of foreign affairs, who was considered to be too friendly towards the Norwegians, resigned and was replaced by Count Ludvig Douglas, who represented the opinion of the majority in the First Chamber. However, when the Norwegian Storting, for the third time, passed a bill for a national or "pure" flag, which King Oscar eventually sanctioned, Count Douglas resigned in his turn and was succeeded by the Swedish minister at Berlin, Lagerheim, who managed to pilot the questions of the union into more quiet waters.

He succeeded all the better as the new elections to the Riksdag of 1900 showed clearly that the Swedish people were not inclined to follow the ultraconservative or so-called "patriotic" party, which resulted in the resignation of the two leaders of that party, Professor Oscar Alin and Count Marshall Patrick Reutersvärd as members of the First Chamber. On the other hand, ex-Professor E. Carlson, of the Gothenburg University, succeeded in forming a party of Liberals and Radicals to the number of about 90 members, who besides being in favour of the extension of the franchise, advocated the full equality of Norway with Sweden in the management of foreign affairs.

The state of quietude which for some time prevailed with regard to the relations with Norway was not, however, to be of long duration. The question of separate consuls for Norway soon came up again. In 1902 the Swedish government proposed that negotiations in this matter should be opened with the Norwegian government, and that a joint committee, consisting of representatives from both countries, should be appointed to consider the question of a separate consular service without in any way interfering with the existing administration of the diplomatic affairs of the two countries.

The result of the negotiations was published in a so-called "communiqué", dated March 24, 1903 in which, among other things, it was proposed that the relations of the separate consuls to the joint ministry of foreign affairs and the embassies should be arranged by identical laws, which could not be altered or repealed without the consent of the governments of both countries. The proposal for these identical laws, which the Norwegian government in May 1904 submitted, did not meet with the approval of the Swedish government. The latter in their reply proposed that the Swedish foreign minister should have such control over the Norwegian consuls as to prevent the latter from exceeding their authority.

However, the Norwegian government found this proposal unacceptable, and explained that, if such control were insisted upon, all further negotiations would be purposeless. They maintained that the Swedish demands were incompatible with the sovereignty of Norway, as the foreign minister was a Swede and the proposed Norwegian consular service, as a Norwegian institution, could not be placed under a foreign authority. A new proposal by the Swedish government was likewise rejected, and in February 1905 the Norwegians broke off the negotiations. Notwithstanding this an agreement did not appear to be out of the question. All efforts to solve the consular question by itself had failed, but it was considered that an attempt might be made to establish separate consuls in combination with a joint administration of diplomatic affairs on a full unionistic basis.

Crown Prince Gustaf, who during the illness of King Oscar was appointed regent, took the initiative of renewing the negotiations between the two countries, and on April 5 in a combined Swedish and Norwegian Council of State made a proposal for a reform both of the administration of diplomatic affairs and of the consular service on the basis of full equality between the two kingdoms, with the express reservation, however, of a joint foreign minister — Swedish or Norwegian — as a condition for the existence of the union. This proposal was approved of by the Swedish Riksdag on May 3, 1905. In order that no obstacles should be placed in the way for renewed negotiations, Erik Gustaf Boström, the Prime Minister, resigned and was succeeded by Johan Ramstedt. The proposed negotiations were not, however, renewed.

[編集] 連合の解消

On May 23 the Norwegian Storting passed the government's proposal for the establishment of separate Norwegian consuls, and as King Oscar, who again had resumed the reins of government, made use of his constitutional right to veto the bill, the Norwegian ministry tendered their resignation. The king, however, declared he could not now accept their resignation, whereupon the ministry at a sitting of the Norwegian Storting on June 7 placed their resignation in its hands.

The Storting thereupon unanimously adopted a resolution stating that, as the king had declared himself unable to form a government, the constitutional royal power "ceased to be operative", whereupon the ministers were requested, until further instructions, to exercise the power vested in the king, and as King Oscar thus had ceased to act as "the king of Norway", the union with Sweden was in consequence dissolved.

In Sweden, where they were least of all prepared for the turn things had taken, the action of the Storting created the greatest surprise and resentment. The king solemnly protested against what had taken place and summoned an extraordinary session of the Riksdag for June 20 to consider what measures should be taken, with regard to the question of the union, which had arisen suddenly through the revolt of the Norwegians on June 7.

The Riksdag declared that it was not opposed to negotiations being entered upon regarding the conditions for the dissolution of the union if the Norwegian Storting, after a new election, made a proposal for the repeal of the Act of Union between the two countries, or if a proposal to this effect was made by Norway after the Norwegian people, through a plebiscite, had declared in favour of the dissolution of the union. The Riksdag further resolved that 100 million kronor should be held in readiness and be available as the Riksdag might decide. On the resignation of the Ramstedt ministry Mr. Lundeberg formed a coalition ministry consisting of members of the various parties in the Riksdag, after which the Riksdag was prorogued on August 3.

After the plebiscite in Norway on the August 13 had decided in favour of the dissolution of the union with 368,392 votes against 184 votes, and after the Storting had requested the Swedish government to co-operate with it for the repeal of the Act of Union, a conference of delegates from both countries was convened at Karlstad on August 31. On September 23 the delegates came to an agreement, the principal points of which were: that such disputes between the two countries which could not be settled by direct diplomatic negotiations, and which did not affect the vital interests of either country, should be referred to the permanent court of arbitration at The Hague, that on either side of the southern frontier a neutral zone of about fifteen kilometres width should be established, and that within eight months the fortifications within the Norwegian part of the zone should be destroyed.

Other clauses dealt with the rights of the Laplanders to graze their reindeer alternatively in either country, and with the question of transport of goods across the frontier by rail or other means of communication, so that the traffic should not be hampered by any import or export prohibitions or otherwise.

From October 2 to 19 the extraordinary Riksdag was again assembled, and eventually approved of the arrangement come to by the delegates at Karlstad with regard to the dissolution of the union as well ordinary as the government proposal for the repeal of the Act of Union and the recognition of Norway as an independent state. An alteration in the Swedish flag was also decided upon, by which the mark of union was to be replaced by an azure-blue square.

An offer from the Norwegian Storting to elect a prince of the Swedish royal house as king in Norway was declined by King Oscar, who now on behalf of himself and his successors renounced the right to the Norwegian crown. Mr Lundeberg, who had accepted office only to settle the question of the dissolution of the union, now resigned and was succeeded by a Liberal government with Mr Karl Staaff as prime minister.

[編集] 関連項目

北欧の歴史/スカンディナヴィアの歴史
20世紀	19世紀	18世紀	17世紀	16世紀	15世紀	14世紀	13世紀	12世紀	11世紀	10世紀	古代
デンマーク		デンマーク＝ノルウェー (デンマーク海上帝国)			カルマル同盟	(北海帝国)					ヴァイキング/デーン人/ノール人/スヴェーア人/古ノルド語
グリーンランド						ノルウェー		グリーンランド
フェロー										フェロー
アイスランド								アイスランド
ノルウェー	スウェーデン＝ノルウェー
スウェーデン		バルト帝国 (スウェーデン＝フィンランド)				スウェーデン (スウェーデン＝フィンランド)
オーランド	フィンランド大公国
フィンランド									フィン人

[編集] Notes

1. ↑ Derry, T.K. (1973).A History of Modern Norway; 1814—1972. Clarendon Presss, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-822503-2.
2. ↑ Gjerset, Knut (1915).History of the Norwegian People, Volumes II. The MacMillan Company. ISBN none.
3. ↑ Prestegjeld is an geographic and administrative district in the Norwegian State Church.
4. ↑ Derry, T.K. (1960).A Short History of Norway. George Allen & Unwin. ISBN none.

この記述はパブリックドメインの百科事典『ブリタニカ百科事典第11版』（"Encyclopædia Britannica" 1911年版）に基づいています。