Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba
From Wikipedia
Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba au Fiziolojia hutolewa kila mwaka kufuatana na wasia ya Alfred Nobel na kamati ya Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya Sweden.
Tangu mwaka 1901 tuzo imepokelewa na wataalamu wafuatao:
1901 Emil von Behring
1902 Ronald Ross
1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen
1904 Ivan Pavlov
1905 Robert Koch
1906 Camillo Golgi na Santiago Ramon y Cajal
1907 Alphonse Laveran
1908 Paul Ehrlich na Ilya Mechnikov
1909 Emil Theodor Kocher
1910 Albrecht Kossel
1911 Allvar Gullstrand
1912 Alexis Carrel
1913 Charles Richet
1914 Robert Barany
1915-19 (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba)
1920 August Krogh
1921 (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba)
1922 Archibald Vivian Hill na Otto Meyerhof
1923 Frederick Banting na John Macleod
1924 Willem Einthoven
1925 (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba)
1926 Johannes Fibiger
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1928 Charles Nicolle
1929 Christiaan Eijkman na Frederick Hopkins
1930 Karl Landsteiner
1931 Otto Warburg
1932 Charles Sherrington na Edgar Douglas Adrian
1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan
1934 George Minot, William Murphy na George Whipple
1935 Hans Spemann
1936 Henry Dale na Otto Loewi
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi
1938 Corneille Heymans
1939 Gerhard Domagk
1940-42 Tuzo ya Nobel haikutolewa kwa sababu ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.
1943 Henrik Dam na Edward Doisy
1944 Joseph Erlanger na Herbert Spencer Gasser
1945 Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain na Howard Walter Florey
1946 Hermann Muller
1947 Carl na Gerty Cori na Bernardo Houssay
1948 Paul Hermann Müller
1949 Walter Hess na Antonio Egas Moniz
1950 Philip Hench, Edward Kendall na Tadeus Reichstein
1951 Max Theiler
1952 Selman Waksman
1953 Hans Krebs na Fritz Lipmann
1954 John Enders, Frederick Robbins na Thomas Weller
1955 Hugo Theorell
1956 Werner Forssmann, Andre Cournand na Dickinson Richards
1957 Daniel Bovet
1958 George Beadle, Edward Tatum na Joshua Lederberg
1959 Arthur Kornberg na Severo Ochoa
1960 Frank Burnet na Peter Medawar
1961 Georg von Bekesy
1962 Francis Crick, James Dewey Watson na Maurice Wilkins
1963 John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin na Andrew Huxley
1964 Konrad Bloch na Feodor Lynen
1965 Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff na Jacques Monod
1966 Peyton Rous na Charles Huggins
1967 Ragnar Granit, Haldan Hartline na George Wald
1968 Robert Holley, Har Khorana na Marshall Nirenberg
1969 Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey na Salvador Luria
1970 Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler na Julius Axelrod
1971 Earl Sutherland
1972 Gerald Edelman na Rodney Porter
1973 Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz na Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve na George Palade
1975 David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco na Howard Temin
1976 Baruch Blumberg na Carleton Gajdusek
1977 Roger Guillemin, Andrew Schally na Rosalyn Yalow
1978 Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans na Hamilton Smith
1979 Allan Cormack na Godfrey Hounsfield
1980 Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset na George Snell
1981 Roger Sperry, David Hubel na Torsten Wiesel
1982 Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson na John Vane
1983 Barbara McClintock
1984 Niels Jerne, Georges Köhler na Cesar Milstein
1985 Michael Brown na Joseph Goldstein
1986 Stanley Cohen na Rita Levi-Montalcini
1987 Susumu Tonegawa
1988 James Black, Gertrude Elion na George Hitchings
1989 Michael Bishop na Harold Varmus
1990 Joseph Murray na Donnall Thomas
1991 Erwin Neher na Bert Sakmann
1992 Edmond Fischer na Edwin Krebs
1993 Richard Roberts na Phillip Sharp
1994 Alfred Gilman na Martin Rodbell
1995 Edward Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard na Eric Wieschaus
1996 Peter Doherty na Rolf Zinkernagel
1997 Stanley Prusiner
1998 Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro na Ferid Murad
1999 Günter Blobel
2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard na Eric Kandel
2001 Leland Hartwell, Timothy Hunt na Paul Nurse
2002 Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz na John Sulston
2003 Paul Lauterbur na Peter Mansfield
2004 Linda Buck na Richard Axel
2005 Barry Marshall na Robin Warren
2006 Andrew Fire na Craig Mello
