第二次世界大战参战国列表
维基百科，自由的百科全书
第二次世界大戰参戰国是指一切直接參與第二次世界大戰的戰事或受戰事影響的國家及地區。
目录 |
[编辑] 國際陣營
二戰爆發後，交戰雙方在世界分裂為軸心國及同盟國集團，其中大部份的國家均加入同盟國。軸心國是由納粹德國、法西斯意大利和大日本帝國領導，被視為戰爭的侵略國。同盟國方面，在歐洲戰場，最初是由英國和法國領導，1941年6月後蘇聯加入，1941年12月後美國加入；在亞洲戰場，最初中國主力抵抗日本侵略，但在1941年12月美國因珍珠港事件後加入抗日。
1939年9月1日，納粹德國軍隊越過波蘭邊境，正式侵略波蘭，標誌著二戰在歐洲正式爆發。在二戰初期，當時只有三個同盟歐洲國家向德國及意大利兩個軸心國宣戰，他們分別是英國、法國及波蘭。可是，波蘭及法國均無力抵抗德國的入侵，故此迅速戰敗投降。1941年初，德國侵略巴爾幹半島，擊敗南斯拉夫及希臘，這使德國在歐洲獨大並且導致英國必須在歐洲單獨面對德國的擴張。
[编辑] 軸心國
Originally founded on the concept of the Rome-Berlin-axis (the Pact of Steel), later the Tripartite Pact, the Axis was not primarily a formal alliance. Each of the major countries went to war on their own initiative (Nazi Germany in 1939, Italy in 1940, and Japan in 1937 against China and 1941 against USA), and not necessarily to assist each other. There was little sharing of technology or resources, and also little in the way of cooperative strategic planning between the major Axis Powers.
With the demise of Italy, Germany and Japan each functioned as wholly separate powers, each conducting the war in their theatre (Germany in Europe and Japan in the Pacific). There were a number of smaller powers on the side of the Axis, although for the most part the war effort was directed and powered by Germany and Japan.
[编辑] 同盟國
The original Allied countries, bound by their commitment to the security of Poland, were led by the United Kingdom and France. The fall of France left the United Kingdom as the sole remaining major country of the Allies. Most of the remainder consisted of the British Commonwealth and forces commanded by various governments-in-exile.
While the European war did not officially start until the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union, the war began much earlier in Asia and Africa with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936 and the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. Subsequently, with the war spreading to Europe and the Pacific Ocean, China, with one-third of the country under occupation, dispatched its forces to help the British defend India against Japan and recapture Burma (now Myanmar) in 1944.
In 1941, with Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union, the British accepted the Communist Soviet Union into their alliance. Previous to the attack, the United Kingdom was unsure of how to deal with the Soviet leadership, as it had been viewed as an aggressor against Britain's ally Poland, though Winston Churchill in 1939 said that the new Soviet-German border formed an anti-Nazi front, which Hitler could never break. This passage many consider as an attempt to provoke Hitler against the USSR. However, once the Soviet Union joined the Allies, it mounted the major effort to eliminate the main forces of German Wehrmacht.
Following the Japanese Pearl Harbor attack in 1941, the United States formally entered the war, committing itself to assisting the Allies in both theatres of war. The United States had been a major contributor of resources and production for the war effort prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor (see Lend-Lease), shipping material to most of the Allies to assist their forces, but after the Japanese attack, the United States began contributing its own forces to combat.
A much larger number of countries joined the Allies during the war than joined the Axis. Not only did the countries attacked by the Axis join, but later in the war, many smaller countries not directly involved in the war joined the Allies to ensure their own security as well as to gain the support of the Allies economically and militarily during and after the war.
[编辑] 西歐
[编辑] 比利時
比利時與荷蘭一樣，在二戰期間宣佈中立，並努力在法德之間保持和平，避免將兩國戰火帶入比利時境內。可是，納粹德國卻破壞比利時的中立，並於1940年5月派軍隊進駐及取道比利時以侵略法國。比利時迅速戰敗並被德軍佔領，比利時於是加入同盟國並建立流亡政府以繼續維持比利時海外殖民地的統治。比利時全境於1944年遭盟軍解放。
[编辑] 安道爾
安道尔在二战期间保持官方中立。在战争开始，由于西班牙内战的缘故，国内驻扎有法军小分队，但是这些军队在1940年撤离安道尔。法国沦陷后，维希政府的首脑菲利普·贝当（Philippe Pétain）被宣布为安道尔新的法方统治者。在德国入侵维希法国后，1942年，一支德军在靠近安道尔边界的卡萨隘口（Pas de la Casa）附近移动，但是没有越过边界。作为反制措施，一支西班牙军队在乌赫尔（La Seu d'Urgell）集结，但也一直保持在安道尔国界外。1944年，夏尔·戴高乐（Charles de Gaulle）建立新的法国临时政府，并宣布重新拥有对安道尔的宗主权。他命令法国军队占领安道尔，以作为维持秩序的“预防性措施”。在整个战争期间，安道尔一直被作为西班牙和维希法国之间的“走私”通道，也是难民逃离德占区的途径之一。
[编辑] 摩納哥
尽管摩纳哥国王路易二世强烈同情法国，但是他在二战期间一直尽力保持摩纳哥的中立地位， 并且支持他在军队中的老同事——维希法国政府的贝当。然而，他的王权受到国内冲突的严重挑战，这部分上来自于他的犹豫不决，也由于国民的大多数都有意大利血统，因而他们支持意大利墨索里尼的法西斯政权。 1943年，意大利军队侵入并且占领摩纳哥，随之建立了法西斯政权。此后不久，在墨索里尼在意大利垮台后，德国军队占领摩纳哥，并开始驱逐犹太人。被驱逐的犹太人中包括René Blum——Opera的发现者，后者死于纳粹集中营。在路易二世的密令下，自身也经常处于危险境地的摩纳哥警察会在德国秘密警察出发逮捕某人前提前警告他。
[编辑] 荷蘭
與鄰國比利時一样，荷兰於1939年宣布中立。1940年5月，挪威陷落后，荷兰在激烈頑抗后亦落入德国之手中。 荷蘭第二大城市鹿特丹和米德爾堡遭受德軍严重的轟炸。荷兰加入同盟國後在防卫东亚地区中贡献了自己幸存的海陆军力量，特别在荷属东印度尼西亞地区。直到1945年荷兰本土被盟军解放，从太平洋战事到不列颠之战，荷兰一直在全球范围内与其他盟国并肩作战。荷属西印尼的阿鲁巴岛上的大型炼油设施对于欧洲战事的进展起了重要的作用，特别是盟军在诺曼底登陆后。作为保护措施，一支数目可观的美军驻扎在该岛。
[编辑] 丹麥
丹麥在二戰爆發初期宣佈保持中立，可是希特拉並沒有因此而放棄侵略丹麥。1940年4月9日，德國展開「威塞爾演習」（Weserubung）計劃，取道丹麥以進攻挪威。德國聲稱這是為了防止英法首先佔領挪威這個原本中立的國家，從而切斷德國從瑞典進口礦產的聯繫。弱小的丹麥在未趕及向德國宣戰下已經迅速戰敗及投降。丹麥政府在德國的支配下繼續在哥本哈根 維持運作並加入《反共協定》。直到1943年，丹麥政府被迫終止運作並直接由德國的外交部接管丹麥的管治。另一方面，丹麥的附屬國─冰島則於1940年5月10日被英國佔領，直到1944年宣佈獨立。1945年，隨著德國的戰敗，丹麥才得到解放。
[编辑] 列支敦士登
一戰的結束不久，列支敦斯登便與鄰國瑞士簽訂有關共同貨幣與關稅的條約。隨著列支敦斯登於1919年將外交事務委託瑞士代為執行，兩國之間的關係更見親密。二戰爆發後，剛繼承王位的 Prince Franz Josef II 決定保持公國於二戰中的中立地位，並且在軍事和外交上依賴友好鄰國瑞士的保護。
Attempts to sway the government did occur. After an attempted coup in March 1939, the National Socialist "German National Movement in Liechtenstein" was active but small. The organization, as well as any Nazi sympathies, virtually disappeared following the eruption of war.
It is interesting to note that many of the theories that exist concerning the Papacy, Pope Pius XII, and Nazi Germany include Liechtenstein as a component. One such theory talks of a planned German invasion of the Vatican and establishing a "puppet-papacy" in neutral Liechtenstein.
[编辑] 冰島
冰島在二戰爆發前原本是丹麥的附屬國。但自丹麥於1940年遭到德國的襲擊並迅速投降後，英國故此立即出兵並接管冰島的管治，以作為英國繼續在北大西洋地區抵抗德國入侵的海軍基地。直到1944年，冰島才宣佈獨立。
[编辑] 愛爾蘭
当时爱尔兰岛在政治上分裂成了爱尔兰共和国（当时使用爱尔兰语名称“Éire”）和北爱尔兰。
[编辑] 愛爾蘭共和國
At the outbreak of war, Éire was still a member of the British Commonwealth but remained neutral, the only such member to do so. Although this caused some bitterness in the United Kingdom towards Éire (which lasted until quite recently), Éire could be described as a friendly or sympathetic neutral. Irish citizens were free to fill manpower shortages in Britain and join the British armed forces. A total of 38,554 Irish citizens living in the Republic volunteered to join the British Army, enlistment figures for Irish citizens living in Britain are unknown but likely to have been large. Éire exported desperately needed food to Britain and allowed some over-flying by British warplanes (the Catalina flying-boat that located the Bismarck was based inland at Lough Erne in County Fermanagh and would have used Irish airspace en route to the Atlantic) and "hot-pursuit" into its territorial waters of German U-boats by Royal Naval warships.
If Éire had declared war on Germany, the United Kingdom would have gained access to sea and air bases that would undoubtedly helped to protect its shipping. On the other hand, it is doubtful whether either the United Kingdom or Éire would have had the resources to protect Irish cities from air attack in the early years of the war. Antipathy towards the United Kingdom from some or many Irish people would also have had an effect upon Éire's commitment to the war. Even as a neutral, Éire suffered. Certain strategic materials, such as coal, were limited and a state of emergency was declared.
Dublin was bombed by the Luftwaffe — to persuade Éire to remain neutral, according to some accounts. When Belfast, in Northern Ireland was heavily bombed (Belfast blitz), several fire brigades from Éire assisted in the rescue work. There were claims that the Irish Republican Army aided the Luftwaffe with information and directional flares, but these are not supported by German evidence.[來源請求]
Germany drafted plans for a diversionary invasion of Ireland (Operation Green) as part of Operation Sealion and had been sent a plan by the IRA for an invasion of Northern Ireland later dubbed Plan Kathleen. There also existed plans for a joint military response between the United Kingdom and Éire in the event of a German invasion- this was known as Plan W.
Belligerent personnel, Allied and Axis, were interned by the government of Éire. Although a policy of subtle assistance existed towards the allies in general. For example, allied personnel were frequently allowed to 'escape' and the Allies benefitted from daily weather reports taken in Ireland.
In 1945, the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) of Éire, Eamon de Valera, paid a visit to the German Minister in Dublin to express sympathy over the death of the Führer, Adolf Hitler.
[编辑] 北愛爾蘭
北愛爾蘭作為大英帝國的一部份，北愛爾蘭充分地參與戰爭並成為同盟國集團的一部份。北愛爾蘭在對抗軸心國的貢獻包括提供人力(約37,000 北愛爾蘭公民自願成為英國軍人並投入二戰)、食物, 工業製品及開放軍事基地。Despite urgings from the Stormont government, conscription was never implemented in the region. The British Government had decided not to conscript in Northern Ireland following mass protests in 1941.[1] As part of fears over the invasion of Northern Ireland via Plan Kathleen, or the invasion of Eire via Plan Green, the British and Irish conducted joint planning to repel a German invasion under the guise of Plan W.
[编辑] 意大利
- 主條目：第二次世界大战时的意大利军事史
Italy had completed two conquests (Ethiopia and Albania) prior to its entry into World War II. Despite the Pact of Steel with Nazi Germany, Italy did not join in the war until June 1940, planning to get a share of Allied territory with the defeat of France. Italy's war effort went poorly, resulting in defeats in Greece, North Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea. Italy was invaded by the Allies in 1943 and Mussolini's government collapsed. The new royal government of Marshal Pietro Badoglio signed an armistice with the allies, but most of the country was quickly occupied by the Germans, who established a puppet government under Mussolini in the north, the Italian Social Republic (also known as the Salò Republic, from its headquarters). The Italian army surrendered to the Germans without putting up a fight. The royal government remained in control of the south, and was eventually re-established as the government of all of Italy shortly before the end of the war in the spring of 1943. Italy would become a member of NATO after the war, but lost Istria peninsula to Yugoslavia.
[编辑] 德國
- 主條目：第二次世界大战时的德国军事史
纳粹德国是由阿道夫·希特勒领导的欧洲战场上的重要的轴心国。德国於1945年5月8日的投降标志着在欧洲的战争结束了。
[编辑] 西班牙
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The Franco government of Spain had risen to power as a result to a significant degree of Italian and German intervention and support. Spain, which was suffering the aftermath of the recently-finished Spanish Civil War, did not have the resources to join the war on its own and Franco and Hitler did not achieve an agreement about the terms of the Spanish participation. Spain however did send volunteers to fight alongside Germans against the Soviet Union in the form of the División Azul. However, Spain was considered a non-belligerent country. As the Allies emerged as possible victors, the regime became more neutral, finally declaring its neutrality on July 1943.
[编辑] 馬爾他
馬爾他在二戰期間是英國的殖民地。1939年9月5日，馬爾他的立法機關重申了馬爾他人民對英國的忠誠。
Between June 1940 and December 1942 Malta was one of the most bombed places on earth. Malta became the besieged and battered arena for one of the most decisive struggles of World War II, with some historians calling this battle The Mediterranean Stalingrad. The George Cross was awarded to the island of Malta in a letter dated 15 April 1942 from King George VI to the island's Governor William Dobbie: "To honour her brave people, I award the George Cross to the Island Fortress of Malta to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history".
The fortitude of the population under sustained enemy air raids and a naval blockade which almost saw them starved into submission, won widespread admiration in Britain and other allied nations. The George Cross is woven into the Flag of Malta and can been seen wherever the flag is flown, for example at the United Nations and more recently at the European Parliament
[编辑] 瑞士
- 主條目：Switzerland during the World Wars
Switzerland intended to be a neutral power during the war, but German threats and military mobilizations towards its borders prompted the Swiss military to prepare for war. Following the German invasion of Poland on September 1 1939, the country was completely mobilized within three days. Though a Nazi invasion of Switzerland, codenamed Operation Tannenbaum was planned for 1940, the event never ultimately occurred as Hitler decided such a conflict would be a waste of resources at a time when he preferred to concentrate on the invasion of Britain. Unlike the Netherlands, Belgium and other western European nations which had easily fallen under Nazi invasion, Switzerland had a strong military and a mountainous geographic terrain that would have likely made an invasion long and difficult.
Despite its neutrality, Switzerland was not free of hosilites. Early in the war, several German aircraft were shot down by Swiss fighters for violating Swiss airspace. Hundreds of aircraft on both sides, which were forced to land in Switzerland, were entered at Swiss airports and their crews held until the end of the war. Several Swiss cities were accidentally bombed by the Allies.
Although the Swiss government was anti-Nazi, Swiss troops did not directly intervene into the European conflict. Switzerland is thus usually regarded as the only Western European country that was able to maintain some semblance of uncontested neutrality during the entire conflict. It became embroiled in post-war controversies regarding the appropriation of assets belonging to Holocaust victims and Nazi Officials use of Swiss banks to keep their money safe.
[编辑] 英國
英國為保衛在波蘭的利益，在1939年加入戰爭，是最早期同盟國成員之一。自法國投降後，英國在佔領希臘前便成為歐洲唯一的同盟國。英國在西歐、大西洋、地中海、非洲和東南亞戰役扮演重要角色，成為戰爭期間的三大強國(英國、美國、蘇聯)之一。英國亦與英联邦成員國合作，將成員國的軍事力量納入英國軍事陣營。
作為二戰主要戰勝國，英國成為聯合國創會成員國，也是安全理事會五個常任理事國之一。
[编辑] 英倫海峽群島
- 主條目：Occupation of the Channel Islands
These islands are self-governing British dependencies, off the French coast and were the only British territory occupied by Germany. Although, legally, the Channel Islands are not a part of the United Kingdom, it's convenient to consider them here.
hey were occupied by German forces after the fall of France and after British forces had been withdrawn. They played little active part in the war. Strong German defences were set up, but the islands were not assaulted, except by occasional hit-and-run commando raids. German forces surrendered at the end of the war.
Almost all Jewish people managed to flee the islands before the German occupation, but those who remained were deported to Aushwitz.
[编辑] 法國
[编辑] 法國 (1939-1940)
縱使二戰爆發之前，法國已經保證會確保波蘭的安全，並且於1939年9月3日，即波蘭遭到德國入侵後48小時向 納粹德國宣戰，可是波蘭的抗戰並沒有得到法國任何有效的軍事支援。相反，法國反而躲在馬奇諾防線後面。1940年5月，德國取道比利時、荷蘭及盧森堡等低地國，繞過馬其諾防線進入了法國的北部，並於1940年6月17日迅速佔領 法國首都巴黎。6月25日，法國簽署停戰條約，宣佈投降。根據此項條款，法國中部和北部三分之二的領土疆域由德國武裝部隊來進行實質佔領，而南部地區則成立由貝當執政的附庸政權──維希政府。而戴高樂將軍則往英國倫敦建立流亡政府，繼續抵抗德國。
作為二戰主要戰勝國，法國成為聯合國創會成員國，也是安全理事會五個常任理事國之一。
[编辑] 自由法國
以英國倫敦為總部的「自由法國」「法國國家委員會」在1940年成立，以維持法國參與同盟國的戰爭及解放遭德國佔領的法國領土，在其後的地中海戰役和解放法國起關鍵作用。
[编辑] 維希法國
法國在二戰中淪陷後，德國便將法國原有的領土分為「佔領區」和「非佔領區」。1940年6月德國侵佔巴黎後，以貝當為首的法國政府向德國投降，並1940年7月政府所在地遷至法國中部的維希（Vichy），故得此名。正式國號為法蘭西國，統治大約五分之三的法國領土。縱使維希法國沒有直接參與二戰的戰事並聲稱中立，但實際是軸心國成員國。副總理皮埃尔·赖伐尔多次尋求法國加入軸心國的戰事，但遭到總理貝當否決。維希法國在戰爭期間受到盟軍轟炸，1942年，德國佔領整個法國，但仍容許維希政府繼續存在。戰後，赖伐尔被控叛国罪遭到處決，而貝當最初也被判處死刑，但因一戰的功績以及年紀老邁而被戴高樂總理改判為終身監禁。
[编辑] 盧森堡
盧森堡雖然與比利時及荷蘭一樣，在二戰期間宣佈中立，力圖避免捲入德國與英 法之間的戰爭。然而，德國卻無視低地國的中立原則及立場，並於1940年5月派遣軍隊取道比 荷盧進入法國，以圖繞過馬奇諾防線。由於盧森堡國境狹小，故此德軍並沒有遭到任何強烈的反抗下得而輕易佔領盧森堡。由於盧森堡迅速被擊敗，故此盧森堡由戰爭開始到結束也從未向德國宣戰。希特拉在佔領盧森堡後將它劃入納粹德國的版圖內，直至同盟國軍隊於1944年解放盧森堡為止。
[编辑] 挪威
挪威 在第二次世界大戰爆發初期保持中立。但是，希特拉為了防止德國被強大的英國海軍力量切斷原材料及石油的供應，以及拉攏這些中立的國家對抗德國，故此決定先發制人。除此之外，希特拉更希望透過控制挪威，利用挪威西岸的海港來擊敗英國海軍。1940年 4月9日，德國展開「威塞爾演習」（Weserubung）計劃，進攻丹麥和挪威。英國海軍最初成功地封鎖了挪威港口，並且在挪威登陸。但是德軍撤退到挪威腹部山地並據此堅守。英國軍隊無法肅清德軍，於是在破壞了挪威港口設施後撤退。挪威隨後迅速被德國佔領，挪威政府被迫離開首都奧斯陸，並於英國建立流亡政府，繼續抵抗納粹德國。
德國佔領挪威後，希特拉隨著即展開一個具爭議性的計劃，就是在挪威領土上製造原子彈。1944年2月2日，英國軍隊成功破壞及擊沉用作製造原子彈的機械和船隻，減慢了德國製造原子彈的計劃。
1944年，蘇聯軍隊開進挪威北部。1945年5月8日，駐守挪威的德軍向盟軍投降。戰後的挪威回復獨立的身份，並且加入北約。
[编辑] 聖馬力諾
由於聖馬力諾全國的國境四面遭到意大利的包圍，故此聖馬力諾長期與意大利保持親密而深厚的關係。在二戰期間，聖馬力諾與意大利站在一起，於1940年同時向英國宣戰。直到意大利在二戰後期戰敗投降後，聖馬力諾才匆匆宣佈其中立。1944年9月21日，聖馬力諾轉而向納粹德國宣戰。
[编辑] 東歐
[编辑] 拉脫維亞
1939年末，蘇聯根據蘇德互不侵犯條約的內容而強行兼併拉脫維亞，引起拉脫維亞人的不滿。1941年，拉脫維亞憤然與納粹德國於「巴巴羅薩作戰」中共同侵略蘇聯。Several SS and anti-partisan units from Latvian volunteers were formed and participated in the Holocaust and other atrocities against civilians. Some Latvian units formed in the Red Army notably participated in the defense of Moscow, and experienced heavy casualities.
[编辑] 立陶宛
Lithuania had at first been hostile toward Nazi Germany over Memelland, which was part of Prussia for centuries before being occupied by Lithuania in 1923. It was returned to Germany peacefully in spring of 1939 before the war broke out, and re-integrated into East Prussia.
Lithuania then was annexed into the Soviet Union along with Latvia and Estonia, without giving any military resistance. This made the Lithuanians side with the Germans when Hitler eventually invaded the Soviet Union.
Lithuania largely contributed to the Nazi cause, participating in the holocaust and supplying troops but after finally seeing that the Nazi's would treat them as "Untermenschen" or "lower people" they switched sides when Soviet forces pushed back the Germans.
[编辑] 羅馬尼亞
- 主條目：Romania during World War II
Romania had its first involvement in the war in providing transit rights for members of the Polish government, its treasury, and many Polish troops in 1939. During 1940, threatened with Soviet invasion, Romania ceded territory to the Soviet Union, Hungary, and Bulgaria, and following an internal political upheaval, Romania joined the Axis. As a member of the Axis, the Romanian war effort was almost entirely spent on the Eastern Front, for instance its forces took part in capture of Odessa. With the entry of Soviet troops into Romania near the end of the war, the government was replaced by a pro-Soviet one and joined the Allies as a co-belligerent for the remainder of the war. Romania became a key member of the Warsaw Pact after the war.
[编辑] 芬蘭
- 主條目：Military history of Finland during World War II
Finland was left to the Soviet sphere of interest in Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and when it refused to allow the Soviet Union to build bases on its territory, was attacked by Soviet forces on the Winter War (November 30, 1939 - March 13, 1940). After the war Finland sought security from the United Kingdom and Sweden but was thwarted by Soviet threats and German actions. Then Finland pursued better relations with Nazi Germany to counter the continued Soviet pressure. This produced cooperation between the countries, which led to a Soviet pre-emptive air attack on Finland after the start of Operation Barbarossa, thus beginning the Continuation War (June 25 1941 - September 4 1944), where Finland was a co-belligerent of the Nazi Germany. The United Kingdom declared war on Finland in December 6 1941, but the United States never did. To secure military support needed to stop Soviet offensive coordinated with D-day, the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement was signed on June 26, 1944, in which Finland and Nazi Germany became active allies. An armistice was signed after the Soviet offensive was stopped and Wehrmacht was retreating from the Baltic States. The treaty required Finland to expel all German troops, which led to Lapland War (September 15 1944 - April 25 1945). Peace with the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union was concluded in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947.
[编辑] 希臘
希臘成功地阻止意大利的侵略和迫使墨索里尼軍隊退回至阿爾巴尼亞，為同盟國在歐洲大陸戰場取得首次勝利，也迫使希特勒延遲入侵蘇聯的計劃至六星期。德軍在希臘克里特島也遇到頑強的抵抗，導致多達7,000軍人傷亡。這次戰敗既消除了德軍對蘇聯、馬爾他、塞浦路斯、蘇彝士運河進行大規模空襲的圖謀。
[编辑] 蘇聯
- 主條目：蘇德戰爭
Soviet participation in World War II began with a short border war with Japan in Mongolia in 1939. Later that year, protected with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it invaded eastern Poland about three weeks after the Germans invaded the west of the country. During the next eleven months the Soviets occupied and annexed the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania).
Following Finland's refusal of Soviet demands for military bases and a territorial swap, the Soviet Union attacked on November 30 1939, in the Winter War. The Soviet Union also annexed Bessarabia (a Romanian province), leading Romania to ally with Germany. Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union in 1941. Thereafter, most of the German forces were concentrated on the Eastern Front. The USSR played a crucial role in the defeat of Nazi Germany, where 90% of all German resources and manpower were concentrated and depleted on the Eastern Fronts.
The Soviet Red Army mounted a successful counter-offensive during the winter, and gained the initiative with a series of major victories in 1943, culminating in the ultimate advance of Soviet forces into Eastern Europe and Germany itself in 1945, concluded with the Battle of Berlin. The Soviet Union suffered greater losses, both among civilians and military forces, than any of the other participants in the war. Following the end of the war in Europe and the American atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the USSR declared war on Japan in 1945. The Soviet Union became one of the main victors and gained one of the permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council. After the war, the Soviet sphere of influence was widened to cover most of Eastern Europe, formalized in the Warsaw Pact, to counter the western Allies and NATO. The Soviet Union came to be considered one of the two superpowers of the 冷戰.
[编辑] 瑞典
瑞典雖然在二次大戰期間維持了名義上的中立，不過事實上有相當數量上的瑞典人民自願參與冬季戰爭及 繼續戰爭以協助芬蘭對抗蘇聯。除此之外，瑞典亦向納粹德國提供許多資源及物料，尤其是高質素的鐵礦，使德國能強化自己的武器和戰機。另外值得留意的是，同盟軍是藉挪威戰場迫使瑞典加入戰爭。
[编辑] 愛沙尼亞
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between 德國 and the 蘇聯 left Estonia in the Soviet sphere of interest. After the war broke out between Germany and Poland, Polish submarine ORP Orzeł escaped to Tallinn which lead to the Orzeł incident. The Soviet Union, who at the time was in war with Poland, accused Estonia of harboring Orzeł and not disarming it. The Soviet Union threatened Estonia with war, if Estonia did not agree with the mutual assistance pact against Nazi Germany, which required allowing the Soivet Union to build military bases into Estonia. Estonian government, convinced that winning a war against the Soviet Union was impossible agreed on September 28 1939.
The Soviets conducted a coup with support of the Red Army in June 1940, and an election was held with great Soviet political influence. The new government took command and the Estonian Socialist Republic (ESR) was proclaimed on July 2 1940. The ESR was formally accepted into the Soviet Union on August 6 after a referendum and the official name of the country became the "Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic". Estonia was occupied by Germany in 1941 after war broke out between Germany and the Soivet Union. Many Estonians took part in anti-Soviet resistance on the side of Nazi Germany and participated in the Holocaust and atrocities against Russian and Belorussian population. Soviet control of Estonia was restored in 1944. The Soviet Union restored the Estonian Socialist Republic and Estonia remained a part of the USSR until 1991.
[编辑] 捷克斯洛伐克
捷克在第二次世界大戰中遭到納粹德國的肢解 ,starting with Neville Chamberlain's Munich Agreement with Hitler in 1938 and the German–Italian Vienna Awards. A Nazi-dependent puppet regime led by Jozef Tiso was ultimately inserted in Slovakia. Part of southern Slovakia was annexed by Hungary. From 1940, a government-in-exile in London under former Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš was recognized as an allied power. The Slovak National Uprising, commenced in August 1944, was put down by German forces at the end of October, however partisans continue fighting in the hills till the end of the war. In April, 1945, the Red Army defeated the Germans and ousted Tiso's government, annexing part of eastern Slovakia to the USSR.
[编辑] 匈牙利
1919年，匈牙利首都布達佩斯發生共產黨暴動並成立以庫恩為首的共產政權，許多不滿共產主義的民眾便支持霍爾西驅逐貝拉·庫恩。霍爾西其後便掌握政並建立軍事獨裁體制。
在二戰期間，匈牙利是德國在歐洲的重要盟友之一。匈牙利為了占領捷克斯洛伐克及羅馬尼亞兩國匈牙利人的居住地區而選擇加入軸心國。1940年11月20日，匈牙利簽署三國公約。故此，匈牙利領土在二戰期間得而擴大了。 1941年，匈牙利聯同德國參與侵略蘇聯的戰爭。直到1944年，當霍爾西有意退出戰爭並打算與同盟國簽署停戰協定時，霍爾西政權便被德國推翻，扶植了以箭十字黨為首的政權。而霍爾西本人更被德軍挾持至柏林。戰後的霍爾西被南斯拉夫以戰爭罪要求引渡，但是被聯合國阻止。
1945年1月，匈牙利人民在蘇聯紅軍幫助下全境解放。1946年2月1日宣佈成立匈牙利共和國。1949年通過憲法，改稱為匈牙利人民共和國。
[编辑] 保加利亞
Bulgaria was a minor German ally, signing the Tripartite Pact in March 1, 1941, their main contribution being transit rights for German units involved against Yugoslavia and Greece. Bulgaria occupied portions of Greece and Yugoslavia, but didn't participate in the Invasion of the Soviet Union
In the beginning of September 1944, the Bulgarian government declared war on Germany. After the Communist-dominated coup d'etat of September 9 and the simultaneous arrival of Soviet troops in the country, four Bulgarian armies attacked the German positions in Yugoslavia. An armistice was signed with the Allies in Moscow on Oct. 28, 1944. After the Nazis fled Yugoslav territory, the 1st Bulgarian army continued its offensive in Hungary and Austria. It managed to withstand the Nazi offensive on the Drava.
Bulgaria's participation in WW2 ended when its soldiers met their British comrades-in-arms in Klagenfurt in May 1945. More than 10 000 Bulgarian troops died in the battles against the Nazis; about 30 000 were wounded.
[编辑] 波蘭
- 主條目：德波戰爭
波蘭是反法西斯同盟國集團中第一個投降戰敗的國家。1939年9月1日，it suffered an attack by Nazi Germany and later by the USSR. Many Polish troops and servicemen escaped the country and were integrated into the forces of the British with Polish pilots serving with distinction in the Battle of Britain. The Polish resistance was also established and along with the Greek and Yugoslavian resistance movements is remembered for its daring and brave methods of resisting occupation, often facing German forces in pitched battle. Also an army of Poles had been formed on the Soviet territory. Poles were considered to be a threat to "the master race", and thus millions of Poles were sent to concentration camps. Poland was the 4th largest contributor to the Allied cause after the U.S., Britain and Soviet Union.
[编辑] 南斯拉夫
1941年4月6日早上05:15，德國, 意大利, 匈牙利及保加利亞的軍隊開始襲擊南斯拉夫。 貝爾格萊德及其他主要的南斯拉夫城市遭到軸心國的空軍轟炸。4月17日, 南斯拉夫派出代表與德國簽署停戰協定，以結束十七天以來的抵抗德國防衛軍的戰事。事後有超過三十萬的南斯拉夫官員及士兵被囚禁起來。
The Axis Powers occupied Yugoslavia and split it up. The Independent State of Croatia was established as a Nazi puppet-state, ruled by the Catholic fascist militia known as the Ustaše that came into existence in 1929, but was relatively limited in its activities until 1941. German troops occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as part of Serbia and Slovenia, while other parts of the country were occupied by Bulgaria, Hungary and 意大利.
Yugoslavs opposing the Nazis organized resistance movements. Those inclined towards supporting the old Kingdom of Yugoslavia joined the Chetniks, a mostly Serb-composed nationalistic royalist guerilla army led by Colonel Draža Mihajlović. Those inclined towards supporting the Communist Party (and against the King) joined the Yugoslav National Liberation Army, led by Josip Broz Tito, a Croat-Slovenian member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
The NLA initiated a guerrilla campaign which was developed into the largest resistance army in occupied Western and Central Europe. The Chetniks initially made notable incursions and were supported by the exiled royal government as well as the Allies, but were soon restrained from taking wider actions due to German reprisals against the Serb civilian population. For every killed soldier, the Germans executed 100 civilians, and for each wounded, they killed 50. Following Chetniks' termination of war activities against the Germans, reported atrocities against non-Serb population and frequent collaboration with Italians and (less frequently) Germans against the NLA, the Allies eventually switched to support the NLA.
However, NLA carried on its guerrilla warfare. This led to great civilian loss of life in most regions of Yugoslavia. The demographic loss is estimated at 1,027,000 individuals by Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović, an estimate accepted by the UN, while the official Yugoslav authorities claimed 1,700,000 casualties. Very high losses were among Serbs of Bosnia and Croatia, and members of non-aryan (according to the German racist theory: Jews, Gypsies) minorities, high also among all other non-collaborating population.
During the war, the communist-led partisans were de facto rulers on the liberated territories, and the NLA organized people's committees to act as civilian government. In Autumn of 1941, the partisans established the Republic of Užice in the liberated territory of western Serbia. In November 1941, the German troops occupied this territory again, while the majority of partisan forces escaped towards Bosnia.
On November 25, 1942, the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia was convened in Bihać. The council reconvened on November 29, 1943 in Jajce and established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, establishing a federation (this date was celebrated as Republic Day after the war).
The NLA was able to expel the Axis from Serbia in 1944 and the rest of Yugoslavia in 1945. The Red Army aided in liberating Belgrade as well as some other territories, but withdrew after the war was over. In May 1945, NLA met with allied forces outside former Yugoslav borders, after taking over also Trieste and parts of Austrian southern provinces Styria and Carinthia. This was the territory populated predominantly by Slovenians (and Croats in Istria). However, the NLA withdrew from Trieste in June of the same year.
Westerner attempts to reunite the partisans, who denied supremacy of the old government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the emigration loyal to the king, led to the Tito-Šubašić Agreement in June 1944, however Tito was seen as a national hero by the citizens and so he gained the power in post-war independent communist state, starting as a prime minister.
[编辑] 阿爾巴尼亞
在德國攻佔捷克一個月後，意大利亦於1939年4月7日佔領位於巴爾幹半島的阿爾巴尼亞。阿爾巴尼亞因無力抵抗意大利的侵占而最終淪為意大利入侵希臘的踏腳石。When this failed, Greek troops launched a counter-offensive and sought to capture some Albanian territory from Italy. Once the German Balkan Campaign was completed in 1941, Albania served as the base for the Italian garrison in the Balkans, which was replaced by German forces when Italy switched sides in 1943.
[编辑] 非洲
[编辑] 埃及
Egypt had become fully independent in 1936, but British troops remained to protect the Suez Canal, and a treaty provision allowed British troops to use the country as a military base in time of war. Egypt was seen by both the Axis and the Allies as a vital strategic point, because of access to the Suez Canal. The Egyptian government remained officially neutral during the war, but King Farouk allowed British troops to use Egypt as a base of operations, and placed his Navy at the disposal of the British. Initially Egypt was targeted by Italy, but after a heavy defeat by the British forces under the command of General Wavell, the Germans were compelled to enter the fray with a division under the command of General Erwin Rommel.
Rommel's successes in the deserts of Libya and west Egypt, and the fact that they came to within 100 miles of Cairo, gave the Allied forces (in particular the British) a major fright. The revolutionary officers that eventually came to power in 1952 (led by Colonel Abdel Nasser) plotted to support the Germans in their push for Cairo, seeing a German victory as an opportunity to liberate Egypt from the British colonial occupation.
[编辑] 南非
作為英联邦的成員，南非跟隨英國在1939年9月6日向德國宣戰，南非部份省份並在盟軍的指示下參與歐洲戰事。雖然該國有親納粹分子，但都遭首相詹斯姆滋鎮壓。
[编辑] 埃塞俄比亞
埃塞俄比亞在1936年被意大利侵佔，但在1941年被英國解放，國王海尔•塞拉西一世流亡後隨即重返皇位。
[编辑] 摩洛哥
Most of Morocco was a protectorate of France during World War II. When France was defeated, Morocco came under the control of the Vichy regime, and therefore was nominally on the side of the Axis powers, although an active resistance movement operated. In November 1942, it was invaded by the Allies as part of Operation Torch. From that point, Moroccan volunteers (the Goumiere) fought on the side of the Allies.
A small area in northern Morocco, Spanish Morocco, was a Spanish protectorate, and remained neutral throughout the war, as did the international city of Tangier.
[编辑] 利比里亞
Liberia granted Allied forces access to its territory early in the war. It was used as a transit point for troops and resources bound for North Africa, particularly war supplies flown from Parnamirim (near Natal) in Brazil. Perhaps more importantly, it served as one of the Allies' only sources of rubber during the war, as the plantations of Southeast Asia had been taken over by the Japanese. The importance of this resource led to significant improvement of Liberia's transport infrastructure, and a modernisation of its economy. Liberia's strategic significance was emphasised when Franklin Roosevelt, after attending the Casablanca Conference, visited Liberia and met its President, Edwin Barclay.
Despite its assistance to the Allies, however, Liberia was reluctant to end its official neutrality and declare war on Germany. This did not occur until 27 January 1944.
[编辑] 中東
[编辑] 黎巴嫩
二戰期間，黎巴嫩受到法國的直接控制。1940年6月，納粹德國迅速擊敗法國，並且扶植附庸政權維希政府，與納粹德國簽訂投降協定。故此，黎巴嫩亦落入軸心國集團。後來盟軍成功從維希法國奪取黎巴嫩。1943年11月22日宣佈從法國獨立。
[编辑] 伊朗
During the start of the war the Allies demanded that Iran remove German nationals from Iran fearing they might be Nazi spies or harm the British owned oil but, Reza Shah refused stating that they had nothing to do with the Nazis. The Iranians by now hated the British for control of their oil and their sphere of influence on the country and the Iranians, therefore had sympathy with Germany. Iran however, like most countries did not know of the extermination of the Jews until after the war.
German demand for oil rose and the Allies worried that Germany would look to neutral Iran for help. Soon the Allies questioned themselves about Iran neutrality and they gave Reza Shah a final warning to remove the German workers. He refused once again. In August 1941, the British and Soviet troops invaded Iran (Operation Countenance) and, in September 1941, forced Reza Shah Pahlavi to abdicate his throne. He was replaced by his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was willing to fight the Axis Powers. Within months Iran entered the war on the side of the Allies and became known as "The Bridge of Victory".
Iran's geographical position was also important to the Allies. It provided a 'blue water' supply route to the Soviet Union via the port of Bandar Abbas and a specially constructed railway route. The supply routes were known collectively as the Persian Corridor. Soviet political operatives known "agitprops" infiltrated Iran and helped establish the Comintern affiliate Tudeh Party in early in 1942.
By January of 1942, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union agreed to end their occupation six months after the end of the war.
The Soviet Union fomented revolts among Azeris and Kurds in Iran and soon formed the People's Republic of Azerbaijan (December, 1945) and the Kurdish People's Republic not long after, both being run by Soviet-controlled leaders. However, Soviet troops remained in Iran following the January 1946 expiration of a wartime treaty providing for the presence of American, British, and Soviet troops in Iran during the war. [1]
[编辑] 伊拉克
Iraq was important to Britain through its position on a route to India and the strategic oil supplies that it provided. After the ejection of the Ottoman Turks at the end of the First World War, these were protected by a significant Royal Air Force base at Habbaniya and the maintenance of sympathetic governments.
Due to the United Kingdom's weakness early in the war, Iraq backed away from its Anglo-Iraqi Alliance with the country. When the British High Command requested to send reinforcements to Iraq, the country's Prime Minister, Nuri-es Said, allowed a small British force to land. Consequently he was forced to resign after a pro-German coup under Rashid Ali in April 1941. Later British requests to reinforce Iraq were denied by the new leadership.
The new regime secretly began negotiations with the Axis Powers. The Germans quickly responded and sent military aid by Luftwaffe aircraft to Baghdad via Syria.
Indian troops consequently invaded in mid-April 1941 and reached Baghdad and RAF Habbaniyah in May. The Iraqi army attacked Habbaniyah but quickly capitulated and Rashid Ali fled the country. The United Kingdom forced Iraq to declare war on the Axis in 1942. British forces remained to protect the vital oil supplies.
British and Indian operations in Iraq should be viewed in conjunction with events in neighbouring Syria and Persia (Iran).
[编辑] 沙地阿拉伯
儘管沙地阿拉伯在戰事之中宣佈中立，但憑著它豐富的資源，沙地阿拉伯仍能在二戰中向同盟國提供大量的石油。 當時國王阿卜杜勒·阿齊茲·沙特儘管不滿英國和法國在中東的政治活動，但由於他與美國總統羅斯福是私下的好友(事實上羅斯福曾在1945年的國事訪問中向國王送上輪椅作為禮物)，故此他所領導的沙地阿拉伯立場親向同盟國。
[编辑] 敘利亞
敘利亞在戰時受法國控制。自從法國在1940年向德國投降後，英國首相邱吉爾擔心德國利用敘利亞威脅英國在伊拉克的石油利益。在英國預料之下，德國提供戰機給伊拉克的親德政權，企圖侵犯英國利益。1941年6月，英國和自由法國聯軍佔領敘利亞，維希法國在同年7月投降，英國一直佔領敘利亞直至戰爭結束。
[编辑] 約旦
約旦作為英國的一個保護國，故此約旦軍隊在英國的指揮下抵抗軸心國集團的入侵與擴張。
[编辑] 土耳其
在二戰爆發初期，雖然土耳其保持名義上的中立，但土耳其卻不斷向納粹德國提供許多原料諸如鐵礦及石油。直到戰爭後期軸心國戰敗已成定局，土耳其政府才匆匆於1945年2月向德國宣戰，以求穩住土國日後在聯合國的議席。可是，土耳其事實上並沒有派遣任何軍隊參與任何一場戰事。
[编辑] 阿曼
阿曼的統治者於1939年9月10日向納粹德國宣戰。在英軍的指揮下，阿曼軍隊在中東戰區向德國作戰。
[编辑] 也門
當時的也門分裂為北也門和南也門。北也門在二戰期間維持了中立政策，並沒有捲入戰爭。 而南也門則在英國的控制下加入了同盟國，對抗軸心國軍隊。
[编辑] 阿富汗
阿富汗的國王成功地將自己的國家處於中立的狀態，避免將國家捲入戰爭的任何一方。在二戰期間，阿富汗憑著石油價格的上升及貿易的增加而變得越來越富有。
[编辑] 巴林
巴林在二戰期間是英國的保護國。故此巴林的酋長於1939年9月10日向納粹德國宣戰，加入同盟國陣營。巴林的軍隊在英國的指揮下在中東戰區內作戰，抵抗軸心國。
[编辑] 遠東
[编辑] 中國
- 主條目：第二次中日戰爭
中国早在1937年就已经开始抗日战争。当时，中国国民党和中国共产党之间进行的内战还没结束。太平洋战争爆发后 ，蒋介石在1942年初派遣军队去缅甸，帮助英国抗击日本军队。中华民国在远东战场起了相当重要的作用，牵制了超过100万日本军队在中国战场上。日本军队在中国的伤亡据估计超过110万。
日本占领了许多中国的商业中心和工业资源。中国也付出了惨重的人员伤亡代价，不仅仅是军事人员，也包括无辜平民。日军在中国犯下了许多严重的战争罪行，其中最严重的是南京大屠杀，日本在1937年12月占领了当时的中国首都南京后的一个月内，对平民进行了大规模的杀戮，致使数十万平民死亡（有报道称数字高达30万）。
战后，中国成为了主要的战胜国并且获得了联合国安全理事会的永久席位，即成为五个联合国安理会常任理事国之一。
1945年之后，中国国民党和共产党陷入国共内战中。1949年，国民党被中共从大陆赶到台湾，共产党在大陆成立中华人民共和国。
1971年後，中华人民共和国取代中华民国在联合国和安理会常任理事国的会籍。
[编辑] 台灣
早於中日甲午戰爭，中國已被迫根據馬關條約割讓臺灣、澎湖及其附屬島嶼於日本，成為日本侵略南中國大陸及東南亞的跳板。1945年日本戰敗後，日本放棄並歸還臺灣、澎湖及其附屬島嶼予中華民國。
[编辑] 香港
- 主條目：香港保衛戰
日本自九一八事變後即展開對中國的侵略。1937年7月7日，中國抗日戰爭全面開展，日軍迅速佔領 華北及華東大部份地區。由於中國東部沿海一帶落入日軍的控制範圍內，廣東省一帶的華南沿岸地區成為了中國從外地輸入各種物資的重要補給點。為了切斷這條補給線，日軍於1938年10月1日在廣東大亞灣登陸，並迅速攻佔鄰近地區。當時部份日軍駐守於 深圳河以北，與英軍為界。英國明白最終會與日本一戰，遂於1937年後逐步加強香港的防衛。
1939年，日本與納粹德國及意大利結盟。二戰爆發後，當時同盟國之一的英國亦於不久後向軸心國之一的日本宣戰。日本海軍偷襲美國太平洋上的珍珠港後數小時，亦即1941年12月8日香港時間早上8時，日軍從深圳進攻香港。
1941年12月25日，在港督楊慕琦帶領之下，一眾英國殖民地官員渡海親身前往被日軍佔據的半島酒店的三樓的日軍總司令部投降。雖然當時的港英政府及其下的主力部隊悉數投降，可是在新界的地區一些軍、民仍不斷進行零星的遊擊戰，繼續抵抗日軍。
1945年8月15日日本投降，英國故此重新接收香港及恢復香港的管治。
[编辑] 澳門
縱使日本軍隊在太平洋戰爭爆發後不久立即進攻並佔領英國殖民地─香港，但日軍在最初的時候並沒有直接干預葡萄牙殖民地─澳門的事務。不過縱使澳門與葡萄牙一樣在二戰中保持中立，但澳門當局仍然無法阻止日本勢力的伸入。1943年，日本強迫澳門政府委任日本人作為政府的顧問，其後日本又強迫葡萄牙解除澳門的武裝力量。然而，澳門從未被日本佔領。
[编辑] 日本
日本是軸心國在遠東及太平洋戰區的重要代表。日本早於十九世紀中期已經萌生征服中國大陸的意圖，到後來更發展成為征服全球。日本首先出兵吞併琉球群島並改稱沖繩，其後又在中日甲午戰爭擊敗中國，迫使中國簽署馬關條約，同意割讓台灣及澎湖、以及將其勢力伸入朝鮮半島及滿洲南部。1910年，日本強行與朝鮮合併，朝鮮自此成為日本的殖民地。
1931年9月18日，日本關東軍發動九一八事變，佔領瀋陽以及整個東北。不久，日本關東軍扶植溥儀建立傀儡政權，並不斷從東北向南侵，企圖侵吞華北。1937年7月7日，日本發動蘆溝橋事變，決定全面侵華。1941年12月8日，日本突襲美國的海軍基地珍珠港，使美國加入同盟國，正式向軸心國宣戰，並掀起太平洋戰爭。除此之外，日本又向南侵，擊敗西方國家在東南亞的殖民地及軍隊，繼而佔領了東南亞。日本的帝國版圖發展到全盛的階段。
直到第二次世界大戰後期，日本石油及物資供應開始日益短缺，而中國軍隊開始由相持轉入反攻。與此同時，美國又分別轟炸東京及向廣島與長崎投下原子彈。1945年8月8日，蘇聯亦介入遠東的戰事，攻撃駐守東北的日軍。最後，日本於1945年8月15日宣佈接受波茨坦公告，同意無條件投降。
[编辑] 朝鮮半島
尽管朝鲜半岛为日本占领，在中国流亡的大韩民国临时政府在1941年后被盟军承认拥有对朝鲜人民法理上的主权。该临时政府于1941年12月9日对德日宣战，并派遣其规模甚小的朝鲜解放军参加盟军在中国和东南亚战场的作战。1945年，朝鲜解放军准备和美军共同进行进入朝鲜半岛的军事行动，但在先头部队开拔前的几天，战争已经结束了。
[编辑] 蒙古
二戰期間，蒙古(外蒙古)是由親蘇聯的傀儡政權統治，但中華民國一直不承認外蒙古獨立。蒙古一直提供物資與蘇聯紅軍。1939年，日本軍隊駐守中國北部，準備入侵蒙古東部，促使日蒙戰爭爆發。
面對蘇蒙聯軍的反攻，日本遂與蒙古簽署協議，承認蒙古的「領土完整」，不再入侵蒙古，但保留部份軍隊駐守蒙古邊境。隨著蘇聯因應抗德而從東部撤軍，蒙軍在戰爭上突顯出戰略的重要性。
二戰結束前，即1945年8月10日，蒙古再向日本宣戰，以及參與蘇聯進佔被日本佔領的中國東北領土。
[编辑] 滿洲國
滿洲國成立於1931年,但是作為日本的附庸國。國家由中國廢帝溥儀（康德皇帝）統治。該國對戰爭貢獻甚微，但是直至1945年，一直作為日本的忠實盟友。1945年，蘇聯對日本宣戰，滿洲國隨即被入侵並滅亡。該國的領土在戰後歸還中國。
[编辑] 圖瓦人民共和國
圖瓦原是中國的唐努烏梁海，其後遭蘇聯奪去，建立「圖瓦人民共和國」，成為蘇聯的傀儡政權。在蘇聯向日本宣戰後三日，圖瓦在1941年6月25日也向日本宣戰。圖瓦在1944年10月11日「加入」蘇聯，唐努烏梁海自此被蘇聯吞併。
[编辑] 新加坡
新加坡是英国的皇家领地，位于连接亚欧航线的战略要地。基于以上原因，日本在从1942年2月7日持续到2月14日的新加坡战役中占领该地。新加坡被改名为「昭南島」，并一直处于日本占领下直至战争在1945年9月结束
[编辑] 菲律賓
1941年，菲律宾列岛处于半独立状态，菲律宾军队被美国将军道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟所指挥。 该国是最先被日本入侵的国家之一，菲律宾军队和美军坚持了顽强的抵抗[参见：菲律宾之战1941-42]。麦克阿瑟后来将总部撤往澳洲，并在那里做了他著名的声明「我离开了bataan，但我会回来的」。在菲盟军于1942年5月8日在Corregidor正式投降。 1944年10月，在麦克阿瑟指挥下，盟军重返菲律宾，并进行了Leyte之战。 1946年7月4日，美国准许菲律宾的完全独立地位。
[编辑] 斯里蘭卡
屬於英國殖民地的斯里蘭卡(又名錫蘭)在二戰中成為盟軍在南亞對抗日軍入侵的海軍基地。1942年4月5日，超過三百架日本軍機突然空襲斯里蘭卡。當時的英國首相邱吉爾稱空襲為最危險的時刻，並估計日本打算重演珍珠港事件及其所取得的輝煌戰績，企圖一舉擊沉實力龐大、稱霸全球的英國海軍。英國遠東艦隊失去一艘航空母艦、兩艘巡洋艦和兩艘驅逐艦，皇家空軍失去中隊，英艦撤退至東非直至1944年。
[编辑] 尼泊爾
尼泊爾於1939年9月4日向納粹德國宣戰，並且向英國提供喀喀兵。
[编辑] 東帝汶
1942年早期，雖然澳洲和荷屬東印度群島警告日本將入侵東帝汶，但宗主國葡萄牙對二戰仍保持中立。為維護荷屬西帝汶的利益，澳洲及荷蘭在東帝汶登陸和佔領該地，但葡軍及東帝汶人民都沒有反抗。數星期後，日軍登陸東帝汶，但不能鎮壓盟軍和當地人民頑強的反抗。在東帝汶戰役中，估計有40,000-70,000東帝汶人民被日軍所殺。 [2]
[编辑] 荷屬東印度群島 (印度尼西亞)
荷屬東印度群島(即現在的印度尼西亞)的豐富石油資源是日本在此攻擊盟軍勢力的主要目的。在盟軍在1942年3月於荷屬東印度群島被日本打敗前，皇家荷蘭海軍和荷屬東印度群島軍隊是「美英荷澳聯合司令部」的一部份。日本佔領荷屬東印度群島後，荷蘭軍隊和戰艦逃至澳洲，繼續與日本作戰，直至戰爭結束為止。
[编辑] 泰國
泰國在戰時是日本的盟友，當時由總理銮披汶·颂堪執政。當戰事發生在歐洲時，泰國仍置身事外。不過後來，泰國借法國戰敗而奪取部份法屬印度支那的土地，因而與納粹德國控制的維希法國發生衝突，釀成法泰戰爭。1941年，日本入侵泰國，但頌堪要求停戰，並容許日軍通過泰國，以從日本換取更多利益。頌堪便與日本結盟，並在1942年1月25日向英美兩國宣戰。有泰國人基於國家利益支持日泰結盟，但亦有人發動「自由泰人运动」抵制日本侵略。當日本在戰末敗局已定，頌堪便被人民推翻，自由泰人控制的政府接掌政權。1945年8月16日，泰國宣佈「對英美宣戰宣言無效」，因而沒有被同盟國起訴。
[编辑] 斐濟
在二戰期間，斐濟是英國的殖民地。故此斐濟的軍隊在盟軍的指揮下抗擊日本的入侵。
[编辑] 印度
Over two and a half million Indian citizens fought during the war, forming the largest army raised by voluntary enlistment.
On September 12 1939 the Upper House of the Central Legislature of India sent a message of admiration to Poland. On the same day the Aga Khan placed his services at the disposal of the Government of India.
The Fifth Indian Division fought in the Sudan against the Italians before being moved to defend Libya against the Germans. The Division was then moved to Iraq to protect the oilfields. After this the division was moved to the Burma front, together with eight other Indian Divisions, and then occupied Malaya. It was finally moved to Java to disarm the occupying Japanese garrison.
The Fourth Indian Division fought in North Africa, Syria, Palestine and Cyprus before being sent into Italy. Together with the 8th and 10th Divisions it participated in the taking of Monte Cassino, after which it was moved to Greece.
Over 36,000 Indian members of the armed forces were killed or went missing in action, and 64,354 were wounded during the war. Indian personnel received 4,000 awards for gallantry, and 31 Victoria Crosses.
India also provided the Allies with assault and training bases, and provided huge quantities of food and other materials to British and Commonwealth forces, and to people on the British home front.
About 40,000 Indians fought on the side of the Japanese in the Indian National Army, about 2,000 were recruited by Nazi Germany for the Tiger Legion.
[编辑] 安達曼群島／尼科巴群島
1942年3月23日，日军入侵印度安达曼群岛和尼科巴群岛。1943年12月，日本扶植的傀儡政權「自由印度临时政府」成立。安达曼群岛被重命名为沙希德群岛，而尼科巴群岛则被改为撒瓦拉吉群岛。日占期间，当地居民与日军多有交战。1945年10月6日，群岛被英国重新占领。
[编辑] 新西蘭
作为最先对德宣战的国家之一（1939年9月3日），新西兰在参加太平洋地区作战的同时向欧洲战场派遣了部队。尽管新西兰本岛没有受到攻击，但是该国军队的人均伤亡比率是英联邦国家中最高的。
[编辑] 馬來西亞
二戰初期，馬來西亞仍然受到英國的殖民主義管治。太平洋戰爭爆發後，日軍大舉南侵東南亞，馬來西亞亦不能倖免。在1942年至1945年期間，馬來西亞落入日本手中。馬來西亞共產黨在抗日戰爭期間組織「馬來西亞人民反日軍隊」，成為東南亞各國中最有戰鬥力的抗日軍事力量。
[编辑] 湯加
湯加的皇后將國家所有的資源投入二戰並出售予英國，並成為二戰中對盟軍保持始終如一的忠誠支持及援助。
[编辑] 澳洲
Australia was among the first countries to declare war on Germany, on September 3 1939. More than one million Australians, both men and women served in the war. Although it was ill-prepared for war, the Australian government had soon dispatched Royal Australian Air Force squadrons and personnel to serve with the Royal Air Force. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) commenced operations against Italy after its entry into the war in June 1940. Later that year the Australian Army entered campaigns against Italy and Germany in North Africa and Europe. German submarines and raiding ships operated in Australian waters throughout the war. The most intensive and numerically largest part of Australia's war effort came after the outbreak of hostilities with Japan in late 1941. The Australian mainland came under direct attack for the first time in 1942, when Japanese aircraft made a major bombing attack on Darwin. They also attacked many other towns in northern Australia, and Axis covert raiding ships and submarines struck at shipping and shore targets around Australia, including a major submarine attack on Sydney Harbour.
For the remainder of the war, the Australian war effort was concentrated in south-east Asia and the South West Pacific Area: they were involved from January 1942 in Malaya, the Dutch East Indies and the Australian territory of New Guinea. Before the bulk of the Australian Army had returned from overseas, from July onwards a small number of Militia troops fought a stubborn rearguard action in the trying conditions of the Kokoda Track. In August 1942, at the Battle of Milne Bay, Australian infantry became the first Allied soldiers to defeat Japanese ground forces during the war. The bitter and deadly New Guinea campaign came to occupy the attention of most of the Australian armed forces until 1945. Later that year, as the war drew to a close, Australian forces led the campaign to retake Borneo.
[编辑] 美洲及加勒比海地區
[编辑] 美國
雖然美國與同盟國保持聯繫和對同盟國提供不同程度的協助，但它在戰爭初期一直保持中立。但其後日本偷襲夏威夷珍珠港，美國加入第二次世界大戰，在1941年12月8日向日本宣戰，德國和意大利隨即向美國宣戰。美國在戰爭中扮演重要的角色，大大協助同盟國擊敗德國和日本。戰後，美國繼續參與歐洲安全事務，以及提供經濟援助，重建受戰火摧殘的歐洲國家。在世界政治上，美國組織北大西洋公約組織，成為西方盟友的領袖，以及主導聯合國及擔任安全理事會常任理事國的席位。
[编辑] 加拿大
(At the time of World War II, Newfoundland, including Labrador, was not part of Canada. See separate section (#Newfoundland).)
Canada declared war on Germany within days of the invasion of Poland (on September 10, 1939). As in World War I, Canadian formations fought under British theatre command, and played an important role in the Allied campaigns in Europe. Canadian forces contributed heavily in the air raids against Germany, the Battles of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the Italian campaign and Normandy, the Scheldt and the fighting before and after the Rhine crossings. In Italy, an army corps was fielded beginning in January 1944, and forces in Normandy built up from a single division in June 1944 to a full corps in July 1944, and the activation of an Army in the field in August 1944, under which several foreign national formations were under command, including at various times British, Polish, Dutch and American forces.
In March 1945, both I and II Canadian Corps came under command of First Canadian Army in The Netherlands after the former was repatriated from Italy in February. From 1941, Canadian forces also participated in the defense of British territories against Japanese forces, especially Hong Kong where an understrength brigade was deployed and ultimately destroyed. As the war in Europe wound down, from late 1944, many Royal Canadian Navy ships and personnel were transferred from the Atlantic to join the British Pacific Fleet. About one million Canadians served in uniform during WWII.
[编辑] 紐芬蘭
During World War II, the Dominion of Newfoundland was a separate country and not a part of Canada. It joined the war on September 4 1939, declaring war on Germany. Fearing that a German invasion of Newfoundland could be used as a prelude to an attack on Canada, in 1940 Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and Newfoundland Governor Sir Humphrey T. Walwyn entered into negotiations regarding the strengthening of defense positions along the Newfoundland coast. Notwithstanding their separate political identity, the defense of Newfoundland and the Newfoundland Home Guard armed forces were integrated with the Canada military and both governments agreed to the formation of a joint coastal defense battery. As part of the Anglo-American Lend Lease agreement, the United States was granted military air and naval bases on Newfoundland territory at Argentia, Stephenville and St John's.
Newfoundlanders were encouraged to enlist in the forces of the United Kingdom and Canada. The Royal Navy enlisted some 3500 of those whom Churchill called, "the best small boat sailors in the world." The Royal Artillery raised two regiments, the 57th (later 166th) Newfoundland Field Regiment which saw action in North Africa and Italy and 59th Newfoundland Heavy Artillery which began service as coastal artillery unit in England and later participated in the campaigns in Normandy and northwestern Europe. Another 700 Newfoundlanders served in the Royal Air Force, most notably with the 125th Newfoundland Squadron. In all some 15,000 Newfoundlanders saw active service and thousands more were engaged in the hazardous work of the Merchant Navy. Some 900 Newfoundlanders (including at least 257 merchant mariners) lost their lives in the conflict and over 100 Newfoundland civilians were killed in the sinking of the SS Caribou by a German U-boat.
Newfoundland was the only location in North America to be subject to direct attack by German forces in World War II when German U-boats attacked four allied ore carriers and the loading pier at Bell Island. The carriers S.S. Saganaga and the S.S. Lord Strathcona were sunk by U 513 on September 5 1942, while the S.S. Rosecastle and P.L.M 27 were sunk by U 518 on November 2 1942 with the loss of 69 lives.
[编辑] 墨西哥
墨西哥屈从于来自美国的政治压力，在兩艘墨西哥运油船在墨西哥湾沉没后于1942年6月1日对德國宣战。 (据说德国潜艇应对运油船的沉没负责,但另有消息称美国为了迫使墨西哥对德宣战而击沉了这些船）。墨西哥空军的 Escuadron Aereo de Pelea 201 (201st Fighter Squadron)与美国第五空军一起在西南太平洋作战，直到战争结束。
[编辑] 巴拿馬
巴拿马在战争期间一直处于美国的控制之下，使美国海军部隊得以迅速在太平洋到大西洋之間移动及部署。
[编辑] 巴拉圭
二戰初期，巴拉圭在獨裁主義政府的領導下相當同情及支持軸心國集團；國內的德國社群亦普遍支持納粹主義。儘管意識形態上推使巴拉圭將會加入戰團支持德國，但在美國總統羅斯福透過對巴拉圭提供軍事及經濟援助，最終使巴拉圭在二戰仍然保持中立。1945年2月2日，巴拉圭在德國即將潰敗之前向軸心國宣戰。
[编辑] 秘魯
與其他大部份的南美國家一樣，秘魯政府在二戰中保持中立。日本偷襲美國海軍基地珍珠港後，秘魯成為第一個向軸心國集團宣戰的南美國家。由於秘魯在地理位置上極為接近巴拿馬運河，以及有充足的能力生產軍用飛機，又出產大量的石油，故此秘魯成為美國重要的空軍基地。
[编辑] 阿根廷
在軍政府的領導下，阿根廷最初是一個與軸心國建立親密關係的南美國家。可是基於政治利益與現實，阿根廷在軸心國敗局漸呈的情況下向德國及其盟友宣戰。
[编辑] 玻利維亞
1943年12月4日，玻利維亞 正式加入同盟國陣營並向德國宣戰。可是，玻利維亞總統在向德國宣戰後不久卻在一場軍事政變中被推翻。縱使繼任的新總統在政治理念上是同情及支持法西斯主義，但在政治利益及外交壓力下，玻利維亞的新總統仍然繼續向德國宣戰，並且鎮壓法西斯主義的支持者。玻利維亞在戰爭中向同盟國提供原材料及能源。
[编辑] 烏拉圭
乌拉圭在二战的大部分时间保持中立，但后来加入同盟国行列。1939年9月4日，乌拉圭總統縱使不同意軸心國集團，但她仍然宣布中立。 乌拉圭的中立包括建立一个从海岸延伸300英里的隔离区，以作为巴拿马宣言的一部分。战争的双方都没有承认根据宣言建立的该隔离区。1939年12月，英国战舰和德国舰船 Admiral Graf Spee 在距乌拉圭海岸不远的水域交战，促使几个拉美国家联合对双方作出了抗议。（Admiral Graf Spee 在乌拉圭首都寻求避难，要求在中立港口受到保护，但不久被驱逐）。1942年初，烏拉圭宣佈中断与軸心國的外交关系。1945年2月15日，乌拉圭在战争接近结束之際向軸心國宣戰。
[编辑] 委內瑞拉
縱使委內瑞拉政府最初同意向同盟國提供大量的石油資源，但委內瑞拉仍然宣佈中立，並沒有介入任何戰事。直到二戰後期，委內瑞拉才正式向納粹德國及其餘軸心國宣戰。
[编辑] 巴西
在瓦加斯的獨裁統治下，巴西在二戰中一直保持中立至1942年初。不過，自德國在大西洋和珍珠港擊沉巴西船隻後，巴西改為支持反法西斯同盟，在1942年向德國和意大利宣戰。巴西幫助同盟國在南大西洋執行巡邏工作，以及在1944年派遣軍隊遠赴歐洲參戰，是當時唯一派兵至歐洲戰場的南美洲國家。當時，巴西軍隊更聯同美國軍隊，共同參與意大利戰役，直至戰爭結束為止。
[编辑] 智利
在二戰初期, 縱使智利選擇在戰爭中保持中立，但智利仍然與納粹德國保持親密的貿易關係，諸如向德國出售原材料。可是到了戰爭後期，智利開始與軸心國集團保持距離，其後更解僱親德的軍事官員。1943年，智利更中斷了它與軸心國的聯繫。1945年，智利向日本宣戰。
[编辑] 哥倫比亞
自珍珠港事件發生後，哥倫比亞迅速與軸心國中斷外交關係。1943年，德國潛艇炸毀了一隻哥倫比亞的船隻，促使哥倫比亞宣佈與德國進入交戰狀態。哥倫比亞迫使德國大使離開該國。
[编辑] 哥斯達黎加
哥斯達黎加在二戰後期加入了同盟國。哥斯達黎加在左翼政權的把持下早已對納粹德國持持敵對態度，並且開始在國內推行多個措施以減低德國在該國的影響力。珍珠港事件發生後，哥斯達黎加與美國站在一起，迅速向日本及其他軸心國宣戰。哥斯達黎加在二戰期間容許美國在哥斯達黎加建立一個空軍基地。
[编辑] 洪都拉斯
二戰爆發初期，洪都拉斯與其他大部份的南美國家一樣在戰爭中保持中立；直到日本偷襲珍珠港後，洪都拉斯才與美國站在一起，加入同盟國陣營。1941年12月8日，洪都拉斯向日本宣戰；12月13日，洪都拉斯再向德國及意大利宣戰。洪都拉斯在戰爭中的貢獻包括向盟軍提供食物及原料，但它並沒有派出任何軍隊參與二戰的戰事。
[编辑] 尼加拉瓜
二次大戰期間，尼加拉瓜是美國的親密盟友，並且迅速於珍珠港事件發生後向日本宣戰。三日後，亦即1941年 12月11日,尼加拉瓜向德國及義大利宣戰。12月19日，尼加拉瓜亦向其他軸心國諸如保加利亞、 羅馬尼亞及匈牙利宣戰。
[编辑] 古巴
古巴於1941年12月8日加入同盟國並向日本宣戰。12月11日，古巴又向德國及意大利宣戰。為了保護同盟國船隻於加勒比海的進出入，美國位於古巴關塔那摩灣的海軍基地變得十分重要。1943年5月15日, 古巴軍艦擊沈一隻出沒於哈瓦那的德國潛艇，可是古巴從未正式派遣軍隊參與任何的軍事行動。
[编辑] 多明尼加共和國
多明尼加共和國是一個在戰爭後期加入同盟國的加勒比海國家。
[编辑] 厄瓜多爾
厄瓜多爾是另一個在二戰後期才加入反法西斯同盟國的南美國家。它於1945年2月2日向軸心國宣戰，並且容許美國使用其海軍基地。
[编辑] 薩爾瓦多
薩爾瓦多由1931年至1944年期間受到一位同情及支持希特拉侵略行動的獨裁者的統治。可是由於薩爾瓦多是一個經濟上嚴重依賴美國的中美國家，故此薩爾瓦多在珍珠港事件發生後一日內與美國站在一起，迅速向日本宣戰，並且於1941年12月12日亦向德國宣戰。薩爾瓦多獨特者從政府機構中驅逐一批日本、德國及意大利的民族主義者。1944年，薩爾瓦多爆發爭取民主自由的 學生運動，並且於不久的日子內演變成全國性示威。薩爾瓦多獨特者被迫辭去總統的職務並逃往鄰國瓜地馬拉。[http: //www.people.cornell.edu/pages/sab86/Mart.htm]
[编辑] 危地馬拉
二戰爆發初期，危地馬拉並沒有介入任何戰事，並且於1941年9月4日正式宣佈在戰爭中保持中立。但後來危地馬拉政府開始嚴厲禁止納粹德國在危地馬拉國內的活動及宣傳。珍珠港事件爆發後，危地馬拉政府於1941年12月9日向日本宣戰；三日後又向德國及意大利宣戰，正式加入同盟國陣營。
[编辑] 海地
海地在二戰爆發初期保持中立，直到1941年12月7日日本偷襲珍珠港後，海地於翌日向日本、德國及意大利等軸心國宣戰。海地在二戰期間並沒有派遣軍隊參與任何戰事，但卻向盟國提供食物。海地總統在宣戰期間公佈及實施一些不得人心的緊急措施，遭到反對派強烈的抗議，認為他的措施是旨在提高總統的權力。第二次世界大戰結束後，海地總統被迫下台。
