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階乘 - Wikipedia

階乘

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自然數n階乘(factorial)是所有小於或等於n的正整數的,寫作n!。1808年基斯頓·卡曼引進這個表示法。

n!=\prod_{k=1}^n k 對於所有n\ge0

即是n!=1×2×3×...×n

规定0!=1。這條式子令階乘的遞迴定義在n=0時有效:(n+1)!=n!(n+1),亦令很多組合數學恆等式在大小為零時仍有效。

階乘亦可以用伽瑪函數定義,令非整數的數亦有效:

z!=\Gamma(z+1)=\int_{0}^{\infty} t^z e^{-t}\, dt

目录

[编辑] 應用

[编辑] 計算

當n不太大時,普通的計數機都可以計算。大部分計數機能夠處理最大的n的階乘是69!,因為70!>10100

當n很大時,可以用斯特林公式估計︰

n!\approx \sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n

[编辑] 變化

[编辑] 伽瑪函數

伽瑪函數
伽瑪函數

伽瑪函數將階乘推廣到複數,其定義為

\Gamma(z+1)=\int_{0}^{\infty} t^z e^{-t}\, \mathrm{d}t. \!

它滿足\Gamma(n+1)=n\Gamma(n) \,

[编辑] 遞進/遞降階乘

  • 遞降階乘: (x)_n = x^{\underline{n}} = x(x-1)...(x+n+1)
  • 遞進階乘: x^{\overline{n}} = x(x-1)...(x-n+1)
  • x^{\overline{n}}= (-1)^n (-x)^{\underline{n}}

[编辑] 多重階乘

n!!表示雙重階乘,其定義為:

n!!=   \left\{    \begin{matrix}     1,    \\     n(n-2)!!    \end{matrix}   \right. 若n=1或n=2
n\ge2

[编辑] hyper階乘

hyper階乘(hyperfactorial)寫作H(n),其意思為:

H(n)   =\prod_{k=1}^n k^k   =1^1\cdot2^2\cdot3^3\cdots(n-1)^{n-1}\cdot n^n

hyper階乘和階乘差不多,但產生更大的數。hyper階乘的增長速度卻並非跟一般階乘的差很遠。

[编辑] 超級階乘

1995年尼爾·斯洛恩西蒙·普勞夫定義了超級階乘(superfactorial)為首n個階乘的積。即 sf(n)=1!×2!×3!×...×n!(OEIS:A000178)。一般來說

\mathrm{sf}(n)   =\prod_{k=1}^n k! =\prod_{k=1}^n k^{n-k+1}   =1^n\cdot2^{n-1}\cdot3^{n-2}\cdots(n-1)^2\cdot n^1.

柯利弗德·皮寇弗在他的書Key to Infinity定義了另一個超級階乘,寫作n$̣($̣實際上應該是!和S重疊在一起):n$̣=n(4)n,(4)表示hyper4,使用高德納箭號表示法即n$̣=(n!)↑↑(n!)。這個數列:

1$̣=1
2$̣=22=4
3\$=6\uparrow\uparrow6=6^{6^{6^{6^{6^6}}}}
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