Дифтонг

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Дифтонг (греч. δίφθογγος, греч. diphthongos, обозначает «с двумя звуками» или «с двумя тонами») — устойчивые сочетания двух букв в письменности языка, читаемые одинаково практически во всех случаях. При этом произношение звуков не совпадает с их чтением согласно алфавита.

Примеры:

В немецком языке есть дифтонг -eu-. Согласно алфавита, «е» обозначает звук «э», а «u» обозначает звук «у», но дифтонг произносится как «ой»: Euro(Евро)- произносится как [`ойро].

Дифтонги присутствуют почти во всех языках.

[править] Чешский

В чешском языке существует три дифтонга:

/aʊ̯/ как в auto (почти исключительно в словах иностранного происхождения)
/eʊ̯/ как в euro (только в словах иностранного происхождения)
/oʊ̯/ как в koule

Группы гласных ia, ie, ii, io и iu в интостранных словах не рассматриваются как дифтонги, они произносятся как /j/ между гласными [ɪja, ɪjɛ, ɪjɪ, ɪjo, ɪju].

[править] Нидерландский

Дифтонги в Dutch

/ɛi/ as in eikel, ijs
/ʌu/ as in koude
/œʏ/ as in huis

[править] Английский

Дифтонги в General American accent of English:

/aʊ/ as in house
/aɪ/ as in kite
/eɪ/ as in same
/oʊ/ as in tone
/ɔɪ/ as in join

Дифтонги в Received Pronunciation of British English:

/əʊ/ as in hope
/aʊ/ as in house
/aɪ/ as in kite
/eɪ/ as in same
/ɔɪ/ as in join
/ɪə/ as in fear
/ɛə/ as in hair (In modern pronunciation this is usually the long vowel /ɛː/.)
/ʊə/ as in poor

The last three diphthongs also occur in the Boston accent.

(see International Phonetic Alphabet for English for more)

Allophones of the diphthongs /aʊ/ and /aɪ/ in Canadian English (See Canadian raising:

[əʊ] as in house
[əɪ] as in kite

Дифтонги в Australian English phonology:

/əʉ/ as in hope
/æɔ/ as in house
/ɑe/ as in kite
/æɪ/ as in same
/oɪ/ as in join
/ɪə/ as in fear

[править] Фарерский

Дифтонги в Faroese are:

/ai/ as in bein (can also be short)
/au/ as in havn
/ɛa/ as in har, mær
/ɛi/ as in hey
/ɛu/ as in nevnd
/œu/ as in nøvn
/ʉu/ as in hús
/ʊi/ as in mín, bý, ið (can also be short)
/ɔa/ as in ráð
/ɔi/ as in hoyra (can also be short)
/ɔu/ as in sól, ovn

[править] Финский

Дифтонги в Finnish

/ai/ as in laiva
/ei/ as in keinu
/oi/ as in poika
/ui/ as in uida
/yi/ as in lyijy
/æi/ as in äiti
/øi/ as in öisin
/au/ as in lauha
/eu/ as in leuto
/iu/ as in viulu
/ou/ as in koulu
/ey/ as in leyhyä
/iy/ as in siistiytyä
/æy/ as in täysi
/øy/ as in löytää
/ie/ as in kieli
/uo/ as in suo
/yø/ as in yö

[править] Французский

Дифтонги в French:

/wa/ as in roi
/wi/ as in oui
/ɥi/ as in huit
/jɛ̃/ as in bien
/jɛ/ as in Ariège
/aj/ as in Travail
/ej/ as in Marseille
/œj/ as in Feuille
/uj/ as in Grenouille

All these diphthongs are typically analysed as a combination of a vowel and a semi-vowel or the opposite in French.

[править] Немецкий

Дифтонги в German:

/aɪ/ as in Reich
/aʊ/ as in Maus
/ɔʏ/ as in neu
/eːɐ/ as in der
/iːɐ/ as in dir
/oːɐ/ as in Bor
/øːɐ/ as in Fördern
/uːɐ/ as in nur
/yːɐ/ as in Tür

Some diphthongs in Bernese, a Swiss German dialect:

/iə/ as in Bier 'beer'
/yə/ as in Füess 'feet'
/uə/ as in Schue 'shoes'
/ow/ as in Stou 'holdup'
/aw/ as in Stau 'stable'
/aːw/ as in Staau 'steel'
/æw/ as in Wäut 'world'
/æːw/ as in wääut 'elects'
/ʊw/ as in tschúud 'guilty'

[править] Венгерский

There are no diphthongs in standard Hungarian, although most speakers pronounce the letters au in certain words (e.g. autó and augusztus) as one syllable, like an /ɑw/ diphthong. In other words, they are usually pronounced separately (as in kalauz).

On the other hand, there are various diphthongs in Hungarian dialects.

[править] Исландский

Дифтонги в Icelandic are the following:

/aw/ as in já, "yes"
/jɛ/ as in vél, "machine"
/ow/ as in nóg, "enough"
/øɥ/ as in auga, "eye"
/aj/ as in hæ, "hi"
/ej/ as in þeir, "they"

[править] Норвежский

Пять дифтонгов в Norwegian:

/æɪ/ as in nei, "no"
/øʏ/ as in øy, "island"
/æʉ/ as in sau, "sheep"
/ɑɪ/ as in hai, "shark"
/ɔʏ/ as in joik, "Sami song"

In addition there is the diphthong /ʉʏ/, but this only occur in the word hui in the expression i hui og hast "in great haste".

[править] Итальянский

Дифтонги в стандартном Italian:

falling

/ai/ as in avrai
/ei/ as in dei (preposition)
/ɛi/ as in direi
/oi/ as in voi
/ɔi/ as in poi
/au/ as in pausa
/eu/ as in Europa
/ɛu/ as in feudo

rising

/ja/ as in piano
/je/ as in ateniese
/jɛ/ as in piede
/jo/ as in fiore
/jɔ/ as in piove
/ju/ as in più
/wa/ as in guado
/we/ as in quello
/wɛ/ as in guerra
/wi/ as in qui
/wo/ as in liquore
/wɔ/ as in nuoto

Other combinations (including [ui], [iu], [ii]) are often considered hiatuses by grammarians; however they are often phonetically true diphthongs, such as in poetry and common speech.

[править] Northern Sami

The diphthong system in Northern Sami varies considerably from one dialect to another. The Western Finnmark dialects distinguish four different qualities of opening diphthongs:

/eæ/ as in leat "to be"
/ie/ as in giella "language"
/oa/ as in boahtit "to come"
/uo/ as in vuodjat "to swim"

In terms of quantity, Northern Sami shows a three-way contrast between long, short and finally stressed diphthongs. The last are distinguished from long and short diphthongs by a markedly long and stressed second component. Diphthong quantity is not indicated in spelling.

[править] Португальский

Falling diphthongs with /i/ or /u/ as their weaker vowel are frequent in Portuguese. Rising diphthongs, with /i/ or /u/ as their weaker vowel, occur less often, and many of them may also be analysed as hiatuses (e.g., fé-rias [as diphthong] or fé-ri-as [as hiatus]: both analyses are grammatically acceptable in Portuguese). The difference between a rising diphthong and a hiatus is not phonemic; the former are usually found in colloquial speech, and the latter in careful pronunciation. Triphthongs also occur (e.g. /uai/ as in Paraguai, or /iau/ as in miau). Longer sequences of vowels may also occur, but they can be analysed as sequences of vowels and diphthongs. Just like the monophthonghs, diphthongs are divided into two subgroups: oral diphthongs and nasal diphthongs.

Diphthongs in Portuguese:

oral

falling diphthongs

/ai/ as in pai
/ei/ as in peito
/ɛi/ as in papéis (Brazil)
/oi/ as in coisa
/ɔi/ as in mói
/ui/ as in fui
/au/ as in mau
/eu/ as in seu
/ɛu/ as in céu
/ou/ as in roupa (parts of Brazil and northern Portugal)
/ae/ as in Caetano

rising diphthongs

/ia/ as in férias
/ie/ as in série
/io/ as in sério
/iu/ as in viu
/ea/ as in áurea
/eo/ as in cetáceo
/oa/ as in nódoa
/ua/ as in água
/ue/ as in agüentar
/uo/ as in quota

nasal

/ɐ̃ĩ/ as in mãe
/ẽĩ/ as in bem
/õĩ/ as in põe
/ũĩ/ as in muita
/ɐ̃ũ/ as in são

[править] Румынский

Romanian builds its descending diphthongs using two semivowels and its ascending diphthongs using four. See also Romanian phonology.

falling

/aj/ as in mai
/aw/ as in dau
/ej/ as in lei
/ew/ as in leu
/ij/ as in mii (no vocalic glide, but still a diphthong)
/iw/ as in fiu
/oj/ as in goi
/ow/ as in nou
/uj/ as in pui
/əj/ as in răi
/əw/ as in rău
/ɨj/ as in câine
/ɨw/ as in râu

rising

/e̯a/ as in stea
/e̯o/ as in George
/ja/ as in ziar
/je/ as in fier
/jo/ as in chior
/ju/ as in iubit
/o̯a/ as in oameni
/wa/ as in ziua
/wə/ as in două

[править] Испанский

Diphthongs in Spanish:

falling

/ai/ as in hay
/ei/ as in rey
/oi/ as in hoy
/ui/ as in muy
/au/ as in jaula
/eu/ as in feudo

rising

/ja/ as in comedia
/je/ as in tierra
/jo/ as in dio
/ju/ as in ciudad
/wa/ as in guante
/we/ as in fuego
/wi/ as in pingüino
/wo/ as in ambiguo

Категория: Фонетика