Chad
From Wikipedia
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| Ibu negara (dan bandar terbesar) |
N'Djamena | ||||||||
| Bahasa rasmi | Perancis, Arab | ||||||||
| Kerajaan –Presiden –Perdana Menteri |
Republik Idriss Déby Pascal Yoadimnadji |
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| Kemerdekaan – Tarikh |
dari Perancis 11 Ogos, 1960 |
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| Kawasan – Jumlah – Air (%) |
1,284,000 km² (ke-21) 495,753 b psg 1.9 |
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| Populasi – anggaran 2005 – banci 1993 – Kepadatan |
9,749,000 (ke-82) 6,279,921 7.6/km² (ke-212) 19.7/b psg |
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| GDP (PPP) – Jumlah – Per kapita |
anggaran 2005 $13.723 billion (ke-128) $1,519 (ke-155) |
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| HDI (2004) | 0.368 (rendah) (ke-171) | ||||||||
| Matawang | CFA franc (XAF) |
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| Zon waktu – Musim panas (DST) |
WAT (UTC+1) tidak diperhatikan (UTC+1) |
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| Kod panggilan TLD Internet |
+235 .td |
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Republik Chad (Arab: تشاد , Tašād; Perancis: Tchad) adaah negara daratan di Afrika Utara. Ia bersempadankan Libya di utara, Sudan di timur, Republik Afrika Utara di selatan, Cameroon dan Nigeria di tenggara dan Niger di barat. Disebabkan oleh jaraknya daripada dan kebanyakan kawasannya beriklim gurun, negara berkenaan dirujuk sebagai 'janung mati Afrika.' Di utara, ia mengandungi Banjaran Tibesti, pergunungan paling besar di padang pasir Sahara. Chad merupakan sebahagian daripada bekas Persekutuan Afrika Perancis Tropika/Khatulistiwa.
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Jadual isi kandungan |
[Sunting] Sejarah
- Rencana utama: Sejarah Chad
The area that today is Chad was once inhabited by a group of politically disconnected tribes. Humanoid skulls and cave paintings of great antiquity have been found there. Gradually relatively weak local kingdoms developed; these were later overtaken by the larger and more powerful Kanem-Bornu Empire.Later, foreigners came to have more influence in Chad. Beginning in the Middle Ages, Chad became a crossroads for Muslim traders and indigenous tribes. In 1900, after the battle of Kousséri, Chad became a part of France's colonial system.
In WWII, Chad was the first French colony to join the Free French and the Allies, under the leadership of its Governor, Félix Éboué. In 1960, Chad became an independent country, with François Tombalbaye as its first president.
Chad's post-independence history has been marked by instability and violence stemming mostly from tensions between the mainly Arab-Muslim north and the predominantly Christian and animist south.
In 1965 Muslim dissatisfaction with President Tombalbaye - a Christian southerner - developed into a guerrilla war. This, combined with a severe drought, undermined his rule and, in 1975, President Tombalbaye was killed in a coup led by Noël Milarew Odingar, who immediately passed power to yet another southerner, general Félix Malloum. Malloum, too, failed to end the war, notwithstanding his cooptation as Prime Minister in 1978 of the insurgent leader Hissène Habré, head of the Armed Forces of the North (FAN), and was in 1979 replaced by a Libyan-backed northerner, Goukouni Oueddei, while the country precipitated in the most anarchic phase of the Chadian Civil War.
By this stage France and neighbouring Libya were intervening repeatedly to support one side against another. Habré in 1982 conquered the capital ousting President Oueddei, and assumed overall control of the state. His eight year reign led to immense political turmoil, with human rights organisations accusing him of having ordered the execution of thousands of political opponents and members of tribes thought hostile to his regime.
Libya invaded Chad in 1980, to help Oueddei remain in power and to forward an expansionist policy that projected to unify politically Libya and Chad. Before, The Libyans had already occupied a narrow strip of land known as the Aouzou Strip in 1972-73. France and the United States responded by aiding Habré in an attempt to contain Libya's regional ambitions under Muammar al-Qaddafi. Civil war deepened. In December, 1980 Libya occupied all of northern Chad, but Habré defeated Libyan troops and drove them out in November, 1981. In 1983, Qaddafi's troops occupied all of the country north of Koro Toro. The United States used a clandestine base in Chad to train captured Libyan soldiers, whom it tried to organize into an anti-Qaddafi force. Habré's aid from the USA and France helped him to win the war against Libya. The Libyan occupation of the north of Koro Toro ended when Habré defeated Qaddafi in 1987.
Despite this victory, Habré's government was weak and seemingly disliked by a majority of Chadians. He was deposed by Libyan-supported rebel leader Idriss Déby on December 1, 1990. Habré went into exile in Senegal. Déby installed himself as dictator. Soon after a constitution was written. Popular support for Déby was apparently shown in an election in May, 2001, where he defeated six other candidates with 67.3% of the vote. The election was described as being "reasonably fair", although there were some noted irregularities.
In 1998 an armed insurgency began in the north, led by President Déby's former defence chief, Youssouf Togoimi. A Libyan-brokered peace deal in 2002 failed to put an end to the fighting.
In 2003 and 2004, unrest in neighbouring Sudan's Darfur region spilled across the border, along with many thousands of refugees.
On December 23, 2005, Chad announced that it was in a "state of war" with Sudan.[1] The Organisation of the Islamic Conference(OIC) has urged Sudan and Chad to exercise self-restraint to defuse growing tension between the two neighboring countries.[2]
On February 8, 2006, Chad and Sudan signed the Tripoli Agreement, ending the Chadian-Sudanese conflict. This agreement prohibits either country from beginning media campaigns against one another, and also from interfering with the others internal affairs. [3]
On April 13 2006 rebels invaded the Capital, seeking to topple the Presidency of Idriss Deby. Government forces defeated them in the Battle of N'Djamena. Chad then accused Sudan of supporting and training the rebels, and severed diplomatic ties between the two countries.
[Sunting] Politik
Templat:Election chad
A strong executive branch headed by President Déby of the Patriotic Salvation Movement dominates the Chadian political system. Déby was elected constitutionally in 1996 and 2001, although international observers noted irregularities in the election process. The president of Chad was limited to two terms until Déby had that constitutional provision removed in 2005. The president is elected by universal suffrage for those over 18. The president has the power to appoint the prime minister (re-instated after the removal of Habré) and the Council of State (or cabinet), and exercises considerable influence over appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials and heads of Chad’s parastatal firms. Chad's legislative branch consists of a unicameral National Assembly. Its judicial branch consists of a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal, criminal courts, and magistrate courts.
[Sunting] Pembahagian pentadbiran
Artikel umum: Negeri-negeri di Chad, Daerah-daerah di Chad
Since 2002, Chad telah dibahagikan kepada 18 negeri, di mana ia dibahagikan lagi kepada 52 daerah dan dibahagikan lagi kepada 348 mukim. Walau bagaimanapun, perlaksanaan rancangan baru ini pada peringkat akar-umbi adalah adalah perlahan . Negeri-negeri biasanya hanya berurusan hanya 14 mukim yang wujud sehingga 1999.
Negeri-negeritermasuklah: Batha, Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis (dulu sebahagian daripada Mukim Chari-Baguirmi), Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul (dulunya sebahagian daripada Mukim Moyen-Chari), Mayo-Kebbi Est (dulunya sebahagian daripada Mayo-Kebbi), Mayo-Kebbi Ouest (dulunya sebahagian daripada Mukim Mayo-Kebbi), Moyen-Chari, Ndjamena, Ouaddaï, Salamat, Tandjilé, and Wadi Fira (dulunya Biltine).
Daerah: lihat Daerah-daerah Chad
[Sunting] Geografi
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- Rencana utama: Geografi Chad
Chad is a landlocked country in north central Africa measuring 1,284,000 square kilometers (496,000 sq. mi.) south of Libya. Chad has 5,968 kilometers (3,708 mi) of border against Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Libya, Niger, Nigeria, and Sudan. Chad has four climatic zones: it has broad, arid plains in the center, desert in the north, dry mountains in the northwest, and tropical lowlands in the south. Only 3% of Chad is arable land and none of it has permanent crops. Environmental hazards in Chad include hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in the north, periodic droughts, and locust plagues. Lake Chad, which is in Chad and Cameroon, was once the second-largest lake in Africa but has shrunk dramatically during the last few decades and is now down to less than 10% of its former size. The people of Chad are known as Chadian.
[Sunting] Bentuk mukabumi
- Rencana utama: Terrain of Chad
Chad’s terrain is dominated by the low-lying Chad Basin (elevation about 250 m / 820 ft), which rises gradually to mountains and plateaus on the north, east, and south. In the east heights of more than 900 metres (3,000 ft) are attained in the Ennedi and Ouaddaï plateaus. The greatest elevations are reached in the Tibesti massif in the north, with a maximum height of 3,415 metres (11,204 ft) at Emi Koussi. The northern half of the republic lies in the Sahara. The only important rivers, the Logone and Chari (Shari), are located in the southwest and flow into Lake Chad. The lake doubles in size during the rainy season.
[Sunting] Economi
- Rencana utama: Economy of Chad
Chad's primarily agricultural economy is being boosted by major oilfield and pipeline developments that began in 2000. Over 80% of Chad's population continues to rely on subsistence farming and stock raising for its livelihood. Cotton, and, in a far lesser measure, cattle and gum arabic, have, until recently, provided the bulk of Chad's export earnings, but Chad began to export oil in 2003 from three oilfields near Doba. It has been estimated that income from oil increased Chad's per capita GDP by 40% in 2004, and may double it in 2005.
Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, poor internal communications, high energy costs, scarce water resources and a history of instability. Until now, Chad has relied on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects but oil income will transform government finances.
A consortium, led by ExxonMobil (US), and with the participation of Chevron (US) and Petronas (Malaysia), invested $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at 1 billion barrels (0.2 km³) in southern Chad, and Chad became an oil-producing country in 2003, with the completion of a pipeline (financed in part by the World Bank) linking its southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast via neighbouring Cameroon. Chad hopes to avoid the waste and corruption experienced in some other African oil-producing countries; as a condition of its assistance, the World Bank has insisted on a new law which requires that 80% of oil revenues will be spent on development projects. However, in January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan program to Chad, in reaction to the Chadian decision to "relax" laws governing the spending of oil money. Chad's response is that the World Bank is using Chad as a test subject for different management styles.
Provided stability is maintained, the outlook for Chad's economy is now better than it has ever been. It is known that further reserves of oil exist within the country, in addition to the oilfields that are already being exploited.
[Sunting] Demografi
- Rencana utama: Demographics of Chad
There are more than 200 ethnic groups in Chad. Those in the north and east are generally Muslim; most southerners are Christians or animists, although such a north/south division glosses over the complex and nuanced tribal and religious relationships in Chad. Through their long religious and commercial relationships with Sudan and Egypt, many of the peoples in Chad's eastern and central regions have become more or less Arabized, speaking Chadian Arabic (see below) (although typically not literary Arabic) and engaging in many other Arab cultural practices as well. More than three-quarters of the Chadian population is rural.
[Sunting] Budaya
- Rencana utama: Culture of Chad
Chad is a very culturally diverse nation. Among the manifestations of this diversity is the extremely large number of languages spoken there. Although the only official languages in Chad are Arabic and French, there are also more than 100 tribal languages spoken and a dialect of Arabic known as Chadian Arabic is the closest thing the country has to a national trade language. Chadian Arabic is a mix of "literary" Arabic, French and local dialects. It differs from the country's official language, literary Arabic, and, while literary Arabic speakers can often understand Chad Arabic, the inverse is not true. Government schools are taught in the official languages, with French typically the language of instruction. Few Chadians other than the educated/traveled elite speak literary Arabic.
The largest ethnic group in Chad, the Christian/animist Sara peoples living in the south, only makes up 20% of the population. In central Chad, people are mostly nomadic and pastoralist. The mountainous north has a sparse, mostly Muslim population of mixed backgrounds. Each society in Chad (smaller than the groups described above) has developed their own religion, music, and folklore.
The largest Christian churches are the Roman Catholic Church, the Assemblees Chretiennes du Tchad, the Eglise Baptiste du Tchad and the Eglises Evangeliques au Tchad.
- Lihat juga: music of Chad
List of writers from Chad, Day (language)
[Sunting] Miscellaneous topics
- Association of Baptist Churches of Chad
- Communications in Chad
- Darfur conflict
- Foreign relations of Chad
- Holidays in Chad
- Islam in Chad
- Languages of Chad
- Military of Chad
- Transport in Chad
- Fédération du Scoutisme Tchadien
[Sunting] Rujukan
Templat:Unreferenced
[Sunting] Pauan luaran
| Carilah maklumat lanjut di Chad melalui projek-projek kembar Wikipedia:
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[Sunting] Kerajaan
- Official site of the government (in French)
[Sunting] Berita
- AllAfrica.com - Chad news headline links
- News and links
[Sunting] Overviews
- BBC News Country Profile - Chad
- CIA World Factbook - Chad
- US State Department - Chad includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- World Bank -- Chad Summary Data, Statistics & Sources
- World Bank -- Chad Data Profile
[Sunting] Direktori
- Columbia University Libraries - Chad directory category of the WWW-VL
- Open Directory Project - Chad directory category
- Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Chad directory category
- Yahoo! - Chad directory category
[Sunting] Pelancongan
- Chad dari Wikitravel
[Sunting] Lain-lain
- Ryan Spencer Reed photojournalist's images of Sudan's displaced in Eastern Chad
- Chad Travel Blog penetrating narrative of travel through Chad
