対格

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』

格
主格
呼格
属格（所有格、生格）
与格
対格（目的格）
奪格（離格）
具格（造格）
処格
斜格

前置格
能格
絶対格
分格
様格
変格
内格
出格
入格
接格（所格）
向格
欠格
共格

対格(たいかく、英 accusative case、羅 casus accusativus。第4の格とも呼ばれる。略号ACC)は、名詞がもつ格のひとつで、他動詞の直接目的語を標識するために用いられる。また、多くの言語において対格は特定の前置詞の目的語としても用いられる。フランス語では目的格の強勢形に相当する。ギリシャ語の対格は古典語にあった与格の意味も含まれていて、前置詞の後の名詞の多くが対格に変化する。エスペラントでは語尾に-nをつけることで名詞を目的格化させる。

対格はかつてはすべてのインド・ヨーロッパ語族の言語(ラテン語、サンスクリット語、ギリシャ語、ドイツ語、ロシア語など)、またセム語族の言語(アラビア語など)に存在していた。対格は現在でも大部分の言語に存在する。また、フィン語、エストニア語のようなフィン語族の言語には、直接目的語を標識する場合に対格にくわえ分格(partitive case)をも用いることに注意されたい。形態論の言葉では、いずれも対格としての働きを持つが、対格の名詞は動作的、分格の名詞は動作的な意味を持たないという相違がある。

[編集] 英語における対格

Modern English, which lacks declension in its nouns, still has an explicitly marked accusative case in a few pronouns as a remnant of Old English, an earlier declined form of the language. "Whom" is the accusative case of "who"; "him" is the accusative case of "he" (the final "m" of both of these words can be traced back to the Proto-Indo-European accusative case suffix); and "her" is the accusative case of "she". These words also serve as the dative case pronouns in English and could arguably be classified in the oblique case instead. Most modern English grammarians feel that due to the lack of declension except in a few pronouns, where accusative and dative have been merged, that making case distinctions in English is no longer relevant, and frequently employ the term "objective case" instead (see Declension in English).

[編集] 英語における実例

In the sentence I see the car, the noun phrase the car is the direct object of the verb "see". In English, which has mostly lost the case system, the definite article and noun — "the car" — remain in the same form regardless of the grammatical role played by the words. One can correctly use "the car" as the subject of a sentence also: "The car is parked here."

[編集] ドイツ語の場合

In a declined language, the morphology of the article and/or noun changes in some way according to the grammatical role played by the noun in a given sentence. For example, in German, one possible translation of "the car" is der Wagen. This is the form in nominative case, used for the subject of a sentence. If this article/noun pair is used as the object of a verb, it (usually) changes to the accusative case, which entails an article shift in German — Ich sehe den Wagen. In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from der to den in accusative case.

Some German prepositions are only used with their object in the accusative case. These are bis, durch, entlang, für, gegen, ohne, um.

See also Morphosyntactic alignment.

[編集] ラテン語における格

Nouns in the accusative case (Accusativus) can be used

as a direct object.
to indicate duration of time. E.g. multos annos, "for many years"; ducentos annos, "for 200 years." This is known as the accusative of duration of time.
to indicate direction towards which. E.g. domum, "homewards"; Romam, "to Rome" with no preposition needed. This is known as the accusative of place to which.
in indirect statements.

For the accusative endings, see Latin declensions.

この格は比較的多くの言語にある。