阿布哈兹语

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阿布哈茲語屬於高加索語系裏的北高加索語族之成員，有語言人口十多萬人。當中有十萬人住在格魯吉亞，而這十萬人當中，又有八萬人住在阿布哈茲自治共和國。

[编辑] 分類的爭議

阿布哈茲語屬於西北高加索語支的其中一個成員，顧名思義，源於高加索地區的西北方。西北高加索語跟東北高加索語支關係密切，所以有語言學家建議把兩者合併為北高加索語族。但語言學家認為這兩種語支其實除了在地理位置上相近以外，兩者的關連並不大。

而阿布哈茲語經常都與阿巴扎語一起並稱為阿布哈茲-阿巴札語，不過兩者的書面語有頗大的分別。即使兩種語言的文化非常近似，但他們的音素差異極大，因此語言學家傾向把兩種語言劃分為不同的語言。

[编辑] 地理分布

阿布哈茲語的語言人口主要位於格魯吉亞及土耳其。

[编辑] 官方語言地位

在格魯吉亞的阿布哈茲自治共和國，格魯吉亞語及阿布哈茲語都是阿布哈茲的官方語言。

[编辑] 方言

阿布哈兹语总体上看有3种主要的方言， Abzhuy, Bzyp (the Caucasian dialects) and Sadz (在土耳其).

[编辑] 發音

Like the other Northwest Caucasian languages, Abkhaz is very rich in consonants, with 58, but has only a few vowels (either two or three, depending upon the analysis). Below is the IPA phoneme chart for the standard dialect (Abzhuy); the Bzyp dialect has nine additional consonants, and the Sadz dialect has a few less.

• Labials: p pʼ b v f w m
• Dentals: t tʼ d n
• Labialized dentals: tʷ tʼʷ dʷ
• Alveolar sibilants: ts tsʼ dz s z
• Labialized alveolar sibilants: tsʷ tsʼʷ dzʷ
• Palatalized alveolar sibilants: tsʲ tsʼʲ dzʲ sʲ zʲ
• Postalveolar sibilants: tʃ tʃʼ dʒ ʃ ʒ
• Labialized postalveolar sibilants: tʃʷ dʒʷ
• Lateral: l
• Rhotic trill: r
• Palatals: kʲ kʼʲ gʲ j
• Velars: k kʼ g
• Uvulars: qʼ χ ʁ
• Palatized uvulars: qʼʲ χʲ ʁʲ
• Labialized uvulars: qʼʷ χʷ ʁʷ
• Pharyngeals: ħ ħʷ
• Labiopalatal semivowel: ɥ (< ʕʷ, a labialized voiced pharyngeal fricative)
• Vowels: ə a (with allophones [i] and [e] next to palatals, [o] and [u] next to labials)

[编辑] 元音

Abkhaz has only two distinctive vowels: an open vowel /a/ and a close vowel /ı, ǝ/. Depending on the environment both of the vowels can be realized as [e,i,o,u].

[编辑] 語言類型

Abkhaz is typologically classified as an agglutinative language. Like all other Northwest Caucasian languages, Abkhaz has an extremely complex verbal system coupled with a very simple noun system; Abkhaz distinguishes just two cases, the nominative and the adverbial.

[编辑] 書寫系統

參看： 阿布哈茲語字母

Abkhaz has had its own adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet, the Abkhaz alphabet, since 1862. The first alphabet was a 37 character Cyrillic alphabet invented by Baron Peter von Uslar. In 1909 a 55 letter Cyrillic alphabet was used. A 75-letter Latin script devised by a Georgian linguist Nikolai (Niko) Marr lasted from 1926 to 1928, when another Latin script was used. The Georgian script was imposed in 1937, but after the death of Stalin, an Abkhaz desire to remain separate from Georgians led to the development of the current Cyrillic alphabet in 1954 by Dimitri Gulya who was, ironically, an ethnic Georgian (Mingrealian).

[编辑] 歷史沿革

The earliest extant written records of the Abkhazian language are in the Arabic alphabet, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Celebi in the 17th century. Abkhaz has only been used as a literary language for about 100 years. During the Stalinist Russian years Abkhaz was banned as a literary language..

[编辑] 外部連結

維基百科有此種語言版本:

阿布哈兹语维基百科

• Ethnologue有關阿布哈茲語的記錄 (英語)
• 語言博物館：阿布哈茲語 (英語)
• 阿布哈茲語的例子