École française d'Extrême-Orient
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The École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO) is a French institute dedicated to the study of Asian societies. Translated into English, it approximately means the French School of the Far East. It was founded in 1900 to study the civilization of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) in what was then French Indochina. Its headquarters are now in Paris. Its main fields of research are archaeology and the study of modern Asian societies.
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[edit] EFEO romanization system
During the 19th century, a romanization system for Mandarin was developed by the EFEO. It shares a few similarities with Wade-Giles and Hanyu Pinyin. In modern times, it has been superseded by Hanyu Pinyin.
The differences between the three romanization systems are shown in the following table:
| IPA | EFEO | WG | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | p | b |
| pʰ | p' | p' | p |
| t | t | t | d |
| tʰ | t' | t' | t |
| k | k | k | g |
| kʰ | k' | k' | k |
| ts | ts | ts | z |
| tsʰ | ts' | ts' | c |
| tʂ | tch | ch | zh |
| tʂʰ | tch' | ch' | ch |
| tɕ | k/ts | ch | j |
| tɕʰ | k'/ts' | ch' | q |
| ɕ | s/h | hs | x |
| w | ou/w | w | w |
| j | i/y | y | y |
| ɤ | ö/é | o/ê | e |
| ər | eul | êrh | er |
| z̩ | eu | û | i |
| i | e | ih | i |
| y | u | ü | ü/u |
| u | ou | u | u |
| ən | en | ên | en |
| ɤŋ | eng | êng | eng |
| iɛ | ie | ieh | ie |
| iɤʊ | ieou/iou | iu | iu |
| iɛn | ien | ien | ian |
| uo | ouo | o/uo | o/uo |
| uaɪ | ouai | uai | uai |
| ueɪ | ouei | ui | ui |
| uan | ouan | uan | uan |
| uən | ouen | un | un |
| yɛ | iue | üeh | üe/ue |
| yɛn | iuen | üan | üan/uan |
| yn | iun | ün | ün/un |
| yʊŋ | ioung | iung | iong |
[edit] The Centers of the École
- Siège : Maison de l’Asie, Paris
- Pondicherry in India
- Rangoon in Burma
- Chiang Mai in Thailand
- Kuala Lumpur en Malaysia
- Jakarta in Indonesia
- Phnom Penh and Siem Reap to Cambodia
- Vientiane in the Laos
- Hanoi in Vietnam
- Hongkong and Peking in China
- Taipei in China Republic (Taiwan)
- Seoul in South Korea
- Kyoto and Tokyo in Japan
[edit] The Directors
- 1900: Louis Finot
- 1905: Alfred Foucher
- 1908: Claude-Eugène Maitre
- 1920: Louis Finot
- 1926: Léonard Aurousseau
- 1929: George Cœdès
- 1947: Paul Lévy
- 1950: Louis Malleret
- 1956: Jean Filliozat
- 1977: François Gros
- 1989: Léon Vandermeersch
- 1993: Denys Lombard
- 1998: Jean-Pierre Drège
- 2004: Franciscus Verellen
