Kopteg
Diwar Wikipedia, an holloueziadur digor
Skrivet eo ar pennad-mañ e Peurunvan
| Kopteg (ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ met rem en kēme) | |
|---|---|
| {{{statud}}} | |
| Perzhioù | |
| Komzet e : | Egipt |
| Rannved : | |
| Komzet gant : | marv evel yezh pemdeziek; en implij evel yezh relijiel |
| Renkadur : | |
| Familh-yezh : | Yezhoù afrez-aziatek Yezhoù egiptek |
| Statud ofisiel | |
| Yezh ofisiel e : | |
| Akademiezh : | |
| Rizhouriezh | |
| Urzh ar gerioù | {{{urzh}}} |
| Frammadur silabek | {{{frammadur}}} |
| Kodoù ar yezh | |
| ISO 639-1 | hini ebet |
| ISO 639-2 | cop |
| Kod SIL | COP |
| Deuit da welet ivez Yezh. | |
Ar pennad-mañ n'eo ket peurechu c'hoazh ; ma fell deoc'h labourat warnañ deuit da welout ha lakait hoc'h ali e pajenn ar gaozeadenn.
Ur yezh afrez-aziatek eus is-skourr ar yezhoù egiptek eo ar c'hopteg (ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ met rem en kēme; yezh pobl Egipt) komzet gwechall en Egipt.
The Coptic language is the last phase of the Egyptian languages, and is the direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. The Coptic alphabet is written in a slightly modified form of the Greek alphabet, with some letters (which vary from dialect to dialect) deriving directly from demotic. As a living language of daily conversation, Coptic flourished from circa AD 200 to 1100. It survives today as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
Skrivet e vez gant al lizherenneg koptek.
As an extinct language, Coptic does not have any official status. The mediaeval Boharic dialect is, however, presently used as a liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church (along with Arabic and Greek). There is a group of over 130 members in favour of the revival of the Coptic language; for details, see Remenkimi.
Taolenn |
[kemmañ] Rannyezhoù
Coptic possesses a number of regional dialects that were in use from the Mediterranean coast and south into Nubia, as well as the western oases. However, while many of these dialects reflect actual regional linguistic variations, some are more probably localised orthographic traditions and likely should not be taken as a true indication of linguistic variation.
Rannyezhoù pennañ ar c'hopteg eo:
[kemmañ] Sahideg
Sahidic (formerly called Thebaic) is dialect in which most known Coptic texts are written, and was the leading dialect in the pre-Islamic period. It is thought to have originally been a regional dialect from the area around al-Ashmunayn (ancient Hermopolis magna), but around AD 300 it began to be written in literary form, including translations of major portions of the Bible. By the 6th century a standardised spelling had been attained, and it was highly influential as the standard dialect for the Coptic Orthodox Church throughout Egypt. Almost all native authors in Coptic wrote in this dialect. Sahidic was, beginning in the 9th century challenged by Bohairic, but is attested as late as the 14th century.
While texts in other Coptic dialects are primarily translations of Greek literary and religious texts, Sahidic is the only dialect with a considerable body of original literature and non-literary texts. Because Sahidic shares most of its features with other dialects of Coptic and has few peculiarities specific to itself, and has an extensive corpus of known texts, it is generally the dialect studied by learners of Coptic, particularly by scholars outside of the Coptic Church.
[kemmañ] Bohaireg
The Bohairic (or Memphitic) dialect is generally believed to originate in the western Nile delta. The earliest Bohairic manuscripts date to the 4th century AD, but most texts come from the 9th century and later; this may, however, be due to poor preservation conditions for texts in the humid regions of northern Egypt. It shows several conservative features in lexicon and phonology not found in other dialects. Bohairic is dialect used in the liturgy of the Coptic Orthodox Church, replacing Sahidic some time in the 11th century. As a contemporary liturgical language, Bohairic is generally pronounced using the so-called "reformed pronunciation" mandated by Pope Cyrillus IV (1854–1861), modelling the pronunciation of Coptic letters after their equivalents in Modern Greek.
Some members of the Church have attempted to revive the Bohairic dialect as a language of daily usage, and a number of booklets and grammars have been published to this end. (For one thorough example, see Mattar 1990.)
[kemmañ] Ac'hmimeg
Akhmimic was localised around the town of Akhmim (ancient Panopolis), and flourished during the 4th and 5th centuries, after which it became extinct. Akmimic is phonologically the most archaic of the Coptic dialects. One characteristic feature is the retention of the phoneme /x/, which is realised as /š/ in most other dialects. Similarly, it uses an exceptionally conservative writing system strikingly similar to "Old Coptic".
[kemmañ] Lykopolitaneg
Lycopolitan (also known as Subakhmimic and Assiutic) is similar to Akhmimic in terms of when and where it was attested, though manuscripts written in it tend to be localised in the area of Asyut, ancient Lycopolis. The main differences between the two dialects seem to be only graphical in nature, though Lycopolitan was used extensively for translations of gnostic and Manichaean works, including the Nag Hammadi library texts.
[kemmañ] Fayoumeg
Fayyumic (or Faiyumic; in older works it is often called Bashmuric) was utilised primarily in the Fayyūm region west of the Nile Valley. It is attested from the 3rd to the 10th centuries. It is most notable for writing ⲗ l where other dialects generally use ⲣ r.
[kemmañ] Oksyrync'heg
Oxyrhynchite (also called Mesokemic or (confusingly) Middle Egyptian) was localised in Middle Egypt around Oxyrhynchus, and shows similarities with Fayyumic. It is attested in manuscripts from the 4th and 5th centuries.
[kemmañ] Skritur
- Main article Coptic alphabet
Coptic uses a writing system almost wholly derived from the Greek alphabet, with the addition of a number of additional letters—six in the case of Sahidic—that have their origins in Demotic. There is some variation in the number and forms of these demotic signs depending on the dialect of Coptic involved. Some of the letters in the Coptic alphabet that are of Greek origin were normally reserved only for words that are themselves Greek in origin.
In Sahidic, syllables may have been indicated by a supralinear stroke, though many scholars hold that it was used to indicate /e/; there is currently no agreement on this issue. Some scribal traditions use a diaeresis over <i> and <u> at the beginning of a syllable. Bohairic uses a superposed point or small stroke known as a djinkim. It is thought to be unrelated to the Sahidic supralinear stroke, and may possibly indicate a voiceless glottal plosive.
Most Coptic texts do not indicate a word division.
[kemmañ] Istor
Coptic was predominantly used from its Christian beginnings in the late 2nd century till the time of the Great persecution of Diocletian in the late 3rd century as a translational tool from Greek to Egyptian. After the persecution, the monastic movement picked up tremendous steam. The monastic communities were large and mostly Egyptian. This generated the need for the abbots of these communities to write their rules in their Egyptian language. Furthermore, the Fathers of the Egyptian Church, who otherwise usually wrote in Greek, addressed some of their works to the Egyptian monks in Coptic. Hence, with monastic fathers like Saint Anthony the Great, Saint Pachomius, and Saint Macarius and their respective disciples writing to their monks; and with Church Fathers like Saint Athanasius, Saint Theophilius, and Saint Cyril writing also to them in Coptic, the Golden Age of the Coptic language was about to begin.
It was not until Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite came on the scene that Coptic really achieved its literary excellence. Saint Shenouda was able to transform the language from a tool to communicate instructions to the monks to a wide-variety literary language that addressed monks, ecclesiastic authorities, laymen, and even government officials. His charisma, knowledge of Greek language and rhetoric, as well as his innovative mind gave him the necessary tools to elevate the Coptic language, in content and style, to a literary height never achieved before nor equaled since. The Coptic scholars are constantly astounded by his great writings as more and more of them are being studied and accurately published.
This literary legacy continued to a lesser degree through the writings of his disciple Saint Besa in the second half of the 5th century. But such writings were mostly for the edification of the large monastic community in the White Monastery. Later in the 6th and 7th centuries other fathers wrote many works in Coptic like Rufus of Shotep, Constantine of Asyut, and Pisentius of Qift.
[kemmañ] Decline as a spoken language (up to the 17th century)
After the 14th century the Church experienced a decline spiritually and numerically. The dominance of the Ottoman Empire over Egypt in the early 16th century seemed to accelerate such decline. Production of Coptic Manuscripts slowed down to a trickle. This is an indication that Coptic books were not used as often as before in the Church, so there was no need to produce more. Tradition still mandated that Coptic be used in Church services but in a decaying fashion. Eventually Vansleb, the German traveler, concluded upon seeing an old man speaking in Coptic that with his death (the man's) Coptic will die. Such observation may not have been completely accurate but it gave an indication that Arabic has replaced Coptic as the primary spoken language among the Copts, if not the only one.
[kemmañ] Revival in the 19th century
In the beginning years of the second half of the 19th century, Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria started a Church-sponsored movement to educate the clergy and the new generations. Revival of Coptic seemed to be a necessary tool for such a movement. So Coptic language education was offered in all the schools that he built alongside the other curriculums that was needed to make a new, better, and educated generation.
Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria did not last long on the throne of Saint Mark. His death was in part brought upon by opponents of his reforms. But he had laid the ground work for such movement to continue. In the last half quarter of that century, the movement to revive the Coptic language intensified.
These dedicated people spread the language among the masses. They printed many of the Coptic service books for the first time, as they were only extant in manuscript form, thus reviving the use of Coptic in the Church services. Several works of grammar were produced as a result, along with a more comprehensive dictionary than was then available. The establishment of the Clerical College also aided in the propagation of the movement.
[kemmañ] Coptic in the 20th century
Coptic continued its growth in the Church and among the Ecclesiastically-educated groups that were produced in the early parts of the 20th century. Coptic schools, instituted by Pope Cyril VI and others that emulated them, continued their valuable work among the Coptic community. The clerical college also continued the tradition of the 19th century revival of Coptic. With the advent of the revolution of 1952, the Arabic language became more prominent in Egypt and had eventually an influential effect on the new educated classes among the Copts. As members of these groups were called upon to serve the Church, they brought with them a preaching spirit that put Arabic in a new prominent position in the services, i.e. sermons. Unintentionally, and in spite of the good will of such people and their love of the tradition of the Church, they introduced again an element that eventually weakened the revival process.
[kemmañ] Liammoù diavaez
- Coptic Language site - with several learning resources and an extensive list of links
- New Athena Unicode font; includes the new Coptic range
- Learn the Coptic language online (in English, Arabic including video tutorials): from Saint Takla Haymanout Coptic Orthodox Church - Alexandria, Egypt
- Learn Coptic Websites
- Download Free Coptic Fonts: ASCII-based fonts
- Remenkimi: An extensive Coptic language-site from enthusiasts attempting to revive spoken Bohairc
- Coptic Standard Fonts: ASCII-based fonts
- The History of the Coptic Language
- Learn Coptic
- The Coptic Gospel of Thomas
- Coptic Number Translator (CNT) - a free Windows program by Ambrose Boles that converts modern numerals into Bohairic Coptic numerals and fully written numbers (including pronunciation). The site and program also include a free Bohairic Coptic number tutorial.
[kemmañ] Gwelet ivez
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