Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms and Conditions Mineral - Wikipédia

Mineral

Ti Wikipédia, énsiklopédi bébas

Rupa-rupa mineral. Foto ti Survéy Géologi AS.
Rupa-rupa mineral. Foto ti Survéy Géologi AS.

Mineral hartina sanyawaan alami nu kabentuk tina prosés géologis. Istilah "mineral" teu ukur ngawengku komposisi kimia hiji bahan, tapi ogé struktur mineralna. Mineral bisa mangrupakeun unsur murni, uyah basajan, nepi ka silikat pajeulit/kompléks nu mibanda réwuan bentuk (sanyawaan organik biasana teu kaasup). Ulikan ngeunaan mineral disebut mineralogi.

Rupa-rupa batu mineral (boh komposit/campuran atawa mineral murni, sok dipaké salaku hiasan alatan kaéndahan kelirna.
Gedéan
Rupa-rupa batu mineral (boh komposit/campuran atawa mineral murni, sok dipaké salaku hiasan alatan kaéndahan kelirna.

Daptar eusi

[édit] Dadaran jeung klasifikasi mineral

Sangkan bisa kagolongkeun mineral "tulén", hiji zat kudu mangrupa padet (solid) sarta mibanda struktur kristal. Ogé kudu mangrupa zat anorganik, produk alam, sarta homogén kalawan komposisi kimiawi anu tangtu. Pikeun conto, plagioclase feldspar mangrupakeun dérét kontinyu albit nu beunghar natrium (NaAlSi3O8) nepi ka anortit nu beunghar kalsium (CaAl2Si2O8) nu mibanda opat komposisi antara nu geus dipikawanoh. Zat kawas mineral nu teu bisa nedunan sarat di luhur ilahar digolongkeun kana mineraloid, sedengkeun nu séjénna mah sebut baé nonmineral.

Struktur kristal nyaéta susunan spatial géométris atom-atom na struktur jero mineral. There are 14 basic lattice arrangements of atoms in three dimensions in the six crystal systems, and all crystal structures currently recognized fit in one of these 14 arrangements. This crystal structure is based on regular internal atomic or ionic arrangement that is often visible as the mineral form. Even when the mineral grains are too small to see or are irregularly shaped the crystal structure can be determined by x-ray analysis and/or optical microscopy.

Chemistry and crystal structure define together a mineral. In fact, two or more minerals may have the same chemical composition, but differ in crystal structure (these are known as polymorphs). For example, pyrite and marcasite are both iron sulfide. Similarly, some minerals have different chemical compositions, but the same crystal structure: for example, halite (made from sodium and chlorine), galena (made from lead and sulfur) and periclase (made from magnesium and oxygen) all share the same cubic crystal structure.

Crystal structure greatly influences a mineral's physical properties. For example, though diamond and graphite have the same composition (both are pure carbon), graphite is very soft, while diamond is the hardest of all known minerals.

There are currently just over 4,000 known minerals, according to the International Mineralogical Association, which is responsible for the approval of and naming of new mineral species found in nature.

[édit] Mineral jeung batu

Mineral mangrupakeun zat anorganik alami nu komposisi kimia jeung struktur kristainna tangtu. Batu mangrupakeun agrégat tina sahanteuna dua mineral (bisa ogé ngandung sésa-sésa organik). Kandungan mineral na batu bisa rupa-rupa pisan. Sababaraha rupa mineral kayaning quartz, mika, atawa féldspar mah biasa, ari nu séjénna kadang ukur bisa kapanggih hiji atawa dua tempat di sakuliah dunya.

[édit] Pasipatan fisik

Klasifikasi mineral bisa dibasajankeun, bisa ogé pajeujeut. Mineral bisa dicirikeun dumasar sababaraha pasipatan fisik, di antarana cukup sampurna pikeun idéntifikasi tanpa ayana equivocation. Dina kasus séjén, mineral ngan bisa diklasifikasikeun ku analisis kimia atawa difraksi sinar-X nu leuwih pajeulit; hanjakal, métode ieu kadang méakkeun béaya jeung waktu nu teu saeutik, jaba bisa ngaruksak sampelna deuih.

Pasipatan fisik nu ilahar dipaké nyaéta:

  • Struktur jeung watek kristal: See the above discussion of crystal structure. A mineral may show good crystal habit or form, or it may be massive, granular or compact with only microscopically visible crystals.
  • Teuasna: the physical hardness of a mineral is usually measured according to the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.
  • Luster indicates the way a mineral's surface interacts with light and can range from dull to glassy (vitreous).
  • Warna indicates the appearance of the mineral in reflected light or transmitted light for translucent minerals (i.e. what it looks like to the naked eye).
  • Streak refers to the color of the powder a mineral leaves after rubbing it on an unglazed porcelain streak plate.
  • Cleavage describes the way a mineral may come apart or cleave in different ways. In thin section, cleavage is visible as thin parallel lines across a mineral.
  • Fracture describes how a mineral breaks when broken contrary to its natural cleavage planes.
  • Specific gravity relates the mineral mass to the mass of an equal volume of water, namely the density of the material.
  • Pasipatan séjén: fluorescence (response to ultraviolet light), magnetism, radioactivity, tenacity (response to mechanical induced changes of shape or form), and reactivity to dilute acids.

[édit] Pasipatan kimia

Mineral bisa digolongkeun dumasar komposisi kimiana, nyaéta dumasar gugus anionna. Béréndélan di handap ieu minangka susunan dumasar kaayaanana dina kulit Marcapada, dumasar kana sistim klasifikasi Dana.

[édit] Kelas silikat

Kelompok mineral pangbadagna nyaéta silikat, nu utamana diwangun ku silikon jeung oksigén, ditambah ion-ion aluminium, magnésium, beusi, jeung kalsium. Silikat nu ilahar ngabentuk batu nyaéta féldspar, quartz, olivin, piroksin, amfiibola, garnet, jeung mika.

[édit] Kelas karbonat

Karbonat diwangun ku mineral-mineral nu ngandung anion (CO3)2-, di antarana kalsit jeung aragonit (duanana kalsium karbonat), dolomit (magnésium/kalsium karbonat) jeung siderit (beusi karbonat). Karbonat ilaharna kapendem dina batuan sagara nalika cangkang jasad plangton nu paraéh numpuk na dadasar sagara. Karbonat ogé aya dina sésa uapan (misalna di Great Salt Lake, Utah) jeung di wewengkon karst, di mana disolusi jeung réprésipitasi karbonat ngabalukarkeun formasi guha, stalaktit jeung stalagmit. Kelas karbonat ogé ngawengku mineral nitrat jeung borat.

[édit] Kelas sulfat

Sakabéh sulfat ngandung anion sulfat, dina bentuk SO42-. Sulfat ilaharna kabentuk di lingkungan uapan dina cai nu kadar uyahna luhur nguap lalaunan, sahingga ngamungkinkeun formasi sulfat jeung halida dina antara sédimén-cai. Sulfat ogé dihasilkeun dina sistim saluran hidrotermal as gangue minerals along with sulfide ore minerals. Nu séjénna di antarana hasil oksidasi sekundér tina mineral sulfida. Sulfat nu umum di antarana anhidrit (kalsium sulfat), selestit (strontium sulfat), barit (barium sulfat), jeung gipsum (kalsium sulfat caian). Kelas sulfat ogé ngawengku mineral kromat, molibdat, selenat, sulfit, telurat, jeung tungstat.

[édit] Kelas halida

Halida nyaéta kelompok mineral nu ngabentuk uyah alami kaasup fluorit (kalsium fluorida), halit (natrium klorida), silvit (kalium klorida), jeung sal amoniak (amonium klorida). Halida, kawas sulfat, ilaharna aya di lingkungan uapan kawas talaga playa jeung sagara nu kakurung lemah kawas Laut Paéh jeung Talaga Great Salt. Kelas halida ngawengku mineral fluorida, klorida, jeung iodida.

[édit] Kelas oksida

Oksida penting pisan dina widang pertambangan, nyaéta pikeun ngékstraksi logam. Oksida biasana kapanggih dina bentuk bijih teu jero dina lemah, hasil oksidasi mineral séjén in the near surface weathering zone, and as accessory minerals in igneous rocks of the crust and mantle. Oksida nu ilahar di antarana hématit (oksida beusi), oksida beusi magnétit, kromit (oksida kromium), spinel (oksida magnésium aluminium), rutila (titanium dioksida), jeung és (hidrogén oksida). Kelas oksida ogé ngawengku mineral oksida jeung hidroksida.

[édit] Kelas sulfida

Kelas sulfida loba nu sacara ékonomis luhur ajénna, utamana salaku bijih beusi. Sulfida nu ilahar, di antarana pirit (sulfida beusi), kalkopirit (sulfida beusi tambaga), jeung galéna (sulfida timbal). Kelas sulfida ogé ngawengku selenida, telurida, arsénida, antimonida, bismutinida, jeung sulfosalt (walirang jeung anion kadua modél arsénik).

[édit] Kelas fosfat

Golongan mineral fosfat sabenerna ngawengku mineral naon waé nu mibanda unit tétrahédral AO4; A bisa mangrupa fosfor, antimony, arsén, atawa vanadium. Fosfat nu paling umum nyaéta apatit nu mangrupakeun mineral biologis penting nu aya na huntu jeung tulang sato. Nu kaasup kelas fosfat di antarana mineral fosfat, arsénat, vanadat, jeung antimonat.

[édit] Kelas unsur

Nu kaasup kelompok unsur di antarana logam jeung unsur antarlogam (emas, pérak, tambaga), semi-logam, jeung non-logam (antimony, bismut, grafit, walirang). Kelompok ieu ogé ngawengku alloy alami, kayaning éléktrum (alloy alami emas jeung pérak), fosfida, silikida, nitrida, jeung karbida (nu alami mah biasana ngan kapanggih dina météorit).

[édit] Baca ogé

  • Daptar mineral katut artikel Wikipédiana
  • Béréndélan mineral nu leuwih lengkep
  • Cai mineral, cai nu ngandung mineral atawa zat nu leyur séjénna nu ngarobah rasana atawa méré ajén terapi
  • Wol mineral
  • Norman L. Bowen

[édit] Tumbu kaluar

Wikimedia Commons logo
Wikimedia Commons mibanda média séjénna nu patali jeung artikel ieu dina kaca

[édit] Rujukan

Static Wikipedia (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2006 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

Static Wikipedia February 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu