Kunrei-shiki
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Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris. Bantosanna diantos kanggo narjamahkeun. |
Kunrei-shiki (訓令式? sistim susunan-kabinet) nyaeta sistim romanisasi, contona sistim keur transkripsi Basa Jepang kana alpabet Romawi. Ngaran nu diumumkeun Kunreisiki make Kunrei-shiki sorangan.
Kunrei-shiki kadangkala disebut sistim Monbushō dina Basa Inggris, sabab diajarkeun di kurikulum sakola dasar dumasar kasaluyuan ti Monbushō (Kementerian Pendidikan Jepang). Kunrei-shiki ngarujuk kana ISO 3602, nu geus disatujuan ku ISO.
Kunrei-shiki dumasar kana susunan pangheubeulna nyaeta sistim Nihon-shiki (Nipponsiki), dimodifikasi keur Basa Jepang standar. Contona, kecap かなづかい, diromanisasi jadi kanadukai dina Nihon-shiki, diucapkeun kanazukai dina Basa Jepang modern tur dieja dina Kunrei-shiki.
Daptar eusi |
[édit] Status hukum
Sistim ieu asalna diembarkeun salaku Japanese Cabinet Order No.3 dina 21 September, 1937. Tapi sanggeus digulingkeun ku SCAP salila Pagawean di Jepang, pamarentah Jepang nyabut jeung ngaganti ku Japanese Cabinet Order No.1 dina 29 December, 1954. Parentah ieu keur make kunrei-shiki dina "tulisan Jepang nu ilahar," nu nyarankeun yen romanisasi Hepburn sederhana kudu dipake dina hubungan internasional sarta perlu keur nuturkeun nu geus aya samemehna. (Japanese text)
Kunrei-shiki geus dibakukeun, sarua jeung Nihon-shiki, dina ISO 3602:1989. Dokumentasi--Romanisasi Basa Jepang (skrip kana) ku ISO. Ieu oge direkomendasikeun ku American National Standards Institute (ANSI) sanggeus ngasupkeun kana standar, ANSI Z39.11-1972 American National Standard System keur Romanisasi Basa Jepang (Modifikasi Hepburn), dina taun 1994.
[édit] Pamakean
Salain ti keur kaperluan resmi, Kunrei-shiki teu ilahar ditarima di jero atawa luar Jepang. Pamarentah ilaharna make Hepburn keur romanisasi ngaran Jepang jeung watesan di konteks Basa Inggris, saperti sababaraha basa husus dina paspor jeung rambu jalan. Loba nagara, kaasup nagara di Anglosphere, neruskeun make Hepburn.
| Example: tat-u |
||
|---|---|---|
| Conjugation | Kunrei | Hepburn |
| Mizen 1 | tat-a- | tat-a- |
| Mizen 2 | tat-o- | tat-o- |
| Ren'yô | tat-i- | tach-i- |
| Syûsi | tat-u. | tats-u. |
| Rentai | tat-e- | tat-e- |
| Meirei | tat-e. | tat-e. |
Sabab Kunrei-shiki dumasar kana fonologi Basa Jepang, pamake Basa Inggris kadang kala hese narima, utamana keur sababaraha kombinasi kana anyar saperti ティーム(チーム) team. Dina Hepburn, ieu dibedakeun ku beda sora jeung digambarkeun tīmu jeung chīmu, nu nembongkeun cara ngeja Basa Inggris nu leuwih jelas. Keur pamake Basa Jepang, sora ティ "t'i" jeung チ "ti" boga fonem nu sarua; duanana digambarkeun dina Kunrei-shiki t'îmu jeung tîmu. Apostrophe nandakeun "teu stabil, tapi dianggap sarua sora". This kind of logic often confuses those who do not know Japanese phonology well. Furthermore, Kunrei-shiki has the tendency to mangle place names, where Shinjuku (in Hepburn) becomes Sinzyuku; for this reason, Kunrei-shiki is never used on official road signs or railway station signs.
Today, the main users of Kunrei-shiki are native speakers of Japanese (especially within Japan) and linguists studying Japanese. The main advantage of Kunrei-shiki is that it is better able to illustrate Japanese grammar, as Hepburn makes some regular conjugations appear irregular (see table, right). The most serious problem of Hepburn in this context is that it changes the stem of verbs, which is not reflected in the underlying morphology of the language.
[édit] Kunrei-shiki spellings of kana
| あ ア a | い イ i | う ウ u | え エ e | お オ o | (ya) | (yu) | (yo) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| か カ ka | き キ ki | く ク ku | け ケ ke | こ コ ko | きゃ キャ kya | きゅ キュ kyu | きょ キョ kyo |
| さ サ sa | し シ si | す ス su | せ セ se | そ ソ so | しゃ シャ sya | しゅ シュ syu | しょ ショ syo |
| た タ ta | ち チ ti | つ ツ tu | て テ te | と ト to | ちゃ チャ tya | ちゅ チュ tyu | ちょ チョ tyo |
| な ナ na | に ニ ni | ぬ ヌ nu | ね ネ ne | の ノ no | にゃ ニャ nya | にゅ ニュ nyu | にょ ニョ nyo |
| は ハ ha | ひ ヒ hi | ふ フ hu | へ ヘ he | ほ ホ ho | ひゃ ヒャ hya | ひゅ ヒュ hyu | ひょ ヒョ hyo |
| ま マ ma | み ミ mi | む ム mu | め メ me | も モ mo | みゃ ミャ mya | みゅ ミュ myu | みょ ミョ myo |
| や ヤ ya | ゆ ユ yu | よ ヨ yo | |||||
| ら ラ ra | り リ ri | る ル ru | れ レ re | ろ ロ ro | りゃ リャ rya | りゅ リュ ryu | りょ リョ ryo |
| わ ワ wa | ゐ ヰ wi | ゑ ヱ we | を ヲ wo | ||||
| ん ン n | |||||||
| が ガ ga | ぎ ギ gi | ぐ グ gu | げ ゲ ge | ご ゴ go | ぎゃ ギャ gya | ぎゅ ギュ gyu | ぎょ ギョ gyo |
| ざ ザ za | じ ジ zi | ず ズ zu | ぜ ゼ ze | ぞ ゾ zo | じゃ ジャ zya | じゅ ジュ zyu | じょ ジョ zyo |
| だ ダ da | ぢ ヂ (zi) | づ ヅ (zu) | で デ de | ど ド do | ぢゃ ヂャ (zya) | ぢゅ ヂュ (zyu) | ぢょ ヂョ (zyo) |
| ば バ ba | び ビ bi | ぶ ブ bu | べ ベ be | ぼ ボ bo | びゃ ビャ bya | びゅ ビュ byu | びょ ビョ byo |
| ぱ パ pa | ぴ ピ pi | ぷ プ pu | ぺ ペ pe | ぽ ポ po | ぴゃ ピャ pya | ぴゅ ピュ pyu | ぴょ ピョ pyo |
Notes:
- Characters in red are outdated in the language itself.
- When he (へ) is used as a particle it is written e not he (as in Nipponsiki).
- When ha (は) is used as a particle it is written wa not ha.
- When wo (を) is used as a particle it is written o not wo.
- Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex, for example long o is written ô.
- Syllabic n (ん) is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.
- Geminate consonants are marked by doubling the consonant following the sokuon, っ, without exception.
- The first letter in a sentence, and all proper nouns, are capitalized.
- ISO 3602 has the strict form, see Nihon-shiki.
[édit] Tempo oge
- List of ISO transliterations
[édit] Tumbu kaluar
Citakan:Japanese romanization
