Mammiferi
Minn Wikipedija, l-enċiklopedija ħielsa.
?Mammiferi |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tigra (Panthera tigris)
|
||||||||
Klassifikazjoni Xjentifika | ||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
(ordnijiet estinti esklużi)
|
Il-mammiferi huma klassi ta' annimali vertebrati karatterizzati bil-presenza ta' glandoli mammarji, li fin-nisa jipproduċu l-ħalib, bil-presenza ta' xagħar, suf u endotermija jew annimali bid-demm sħun. Il-moħħ jirregola s-sistema endotermika u s-sistema ċirkolatorja, li tinkludi qalb maqsuma f'erba' kavitajiet. Mammiferi hemm 'il fuq minn 5,500 speċi (inkluż il-bniedem). Dawn imqassma bejn wieħed u ieħor ma' 1,200 ġeneru, 152 familja u 46 ordni, għalkemm dan ivarja skond ma' liema skema ta' klassifikazjoni wieħed jimxi.
Filoġenetikament, Mammalia tiġi definita bħala d-dixxendenti kollha tal-antenat komuni l-aktar reċenti tal- monotremati (eż., ekidni u platipi) u terjani (il-marsupjali u l-plaċentati).
Werrej[aħbi] |
[editja] Anatomija tal-Mammiferi
[editja] Sistema Skeletrika
Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-mammiferi għandhom 7 vertebri ċervikali (vertebri ta' l-għonq), inklużi il-friefet il-lejl, ġiraffi, ġrieden u l-bniedem. Ftit eċċezjonijiet huma il-lamantini u l-bradipi ta' 2 iswaba li għandhom 6 vertebri ċervikali u l-bradipi ta' 3 iswaba li għandhom 9 vertebri ċervikali.
Il-mammiferi ukoll għandhom 3 għadmiet f'kull widna u għadma 1 biss id-dentarja fuq kull naħa tax-xedaq t'isfel tal-ħalq, il-bqija tal-vertebrati kollha l-oħra li għandhom il-widnejn għandhom għadma 1 biss f'kull widna u minn tal-inqas 3 fuq kull naħa tax-xedaq. L-għadam tax-xedaq żejda fil-vertebrati l-oħra huwa maħsub li huma il-malleus u l-incus fil-widna tal-mammiferi.
[editja] Klassifikazjoni
[editja] Sistema ta' klassifikazjoni użata f'artikli relatati
Din ta' hawn taħt hija is-sistema ta' klassifikazjoni li ġiet adottata għal użu f'artikli relatati.
- Klassi Mammalia
- Sottoklassi Prototheria
- Ordni Monotremata: ekidni u platipi
- Sottoklassi Theria: marsupjali u plaċentati
- Infraklassi Metatheria (Marsupialia): marsupjali
- Superordni Ameridelphia: marsupjali amerikani
- Ordni Didelphimorphia: opossumi
- Ordni Paucituberculata: opossumi Ä¡riedem ta' geddumhom twil
- Superordni Australidelphia: marsupjali awstraljani
- Ordni Microbiotheria: Monito del monte jew Kolokolo
- Ordni Dasyuromorphia: marsupjali karnivori
- Ordni Notoryctemorphia: talpi marsupjali
- Ordni Peramelemorphia: bandikuti u bandikuti fniek
- Ordni Diprotodontia: kowali, wombati, kangaruni, possumi, etċ.
- Superordni Ameridelphia: marsupjali amerikani
- Infraklassi Eutheria (Placentalia): plaċentati
- Superordni Xenarthra
- Superordni Afrotheria:
- Afroinsectiphilia
- Ordni Afrosorcida : tenreki u talpi tad-deheb
- Ordni Macroscelidea: senġijiet
- Ordni Tubulidentata: ħanżir ta' l-art
- Paenungulata
- Ordni Hyracoidea: iraċi
- Ordni Proboscidea: iljunfanti
- Ordni Sirenia: lamantini u dugongi
- Afroinsectiphilia
- Superordni Euarchontoglires
- Glires
- Ordni Rodentia: Ä¡rieden
- Ordni Lagomorpha: fniek
- Euarchonta
- Ordni Primates: primati
- Ordni Scandentia: tupaji
- Ordni Dermoptera: kolugi
- Glires
- Superordni Laurasiatheria
- Infraklassi Metatheria (Marsupialia): marsupjali
- Sottoklassi Prototheria
[editja] Referenzi
- Bergsten, Johannes. February 2005. "A review of long-branch attraction". Cladistics 21:163–193. (pdf version)
- Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine.Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, July 2006. pp. 1-46.
- McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
- Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. ISBN 0-801-85789-9
- Simpson, George Gaylord. 1945. "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85:1–350.
- William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, Mark S. Springer et al., Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics,Science, Vol 294, Issue 5550, 2348-2351 , 14 December 2001.
- Springer, Mark S., Michael J. Stanhope, Ole Madsen, and Wilfried W. de Jong. 2004. "Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree". Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19:430–438. (pdf version)
- Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Capzaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-030-25034-X (Brooks Cole, 1999)
- Wilson, Don E., and Deeann M. Reeder (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World, 2nd edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1206 pp. ISBN 1-560-98217-9
- Jan Ole Kriegs, Gennady Churakov, Martin Kiefmann, Ursula Jordan, Juergen Brosius, Juergen Schmitz. (2006) Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals. PLoS Biol 4(4): e91.[1]
- Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds) Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
[editja] Links Esterni
- North American Fossil Mammal Systematics Database.
- Paleocene Mammals, a site covering the rise of the mammals
- Evolution of Mammals, a brief introduction to early mammals
- The Evolution of Mesozoic Mammals, a Rough Sketch, an informal introduction
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History, some discoveries of early mammal fossils
- Mammal Taxonomy, database of mammals of the world, updated each month
- Mammal Species, collection of information sheets about various mammal species
- Mammal Species of the World, searchable online version of 2nd edition (1993) of Mammal Species of the World
- Summary of molecular support for Epitheria
- Mammals (Mammalia) facts and photography - Wild Animals Online encyclopedia
- Marine Mammals of the World - An overview of all marine mammals, including descriptions, multimedia and a key
- Mikko's Phylogeny Archive