精液
维基百科，自由的百科全书
精液是从射精时，通常处于性高潮状态，从阴茎中射出来的液体。同血液一样，精液也是由两种成分构成：细胞（精子）和非细胞成分（精浆），通常若男性於女性排卵期阴道性交会增加女性怀孕的機會。精液是白色牛奶状粘稠液体，成分有水和少量盐、蛋白质和果糖。每茶匙精液的熱量有5卡路里。平均射精速度40公里/小時。
目录 |
[编辑] 成分
精子由睾丸产生，現今男性每次射精大概有兩千萬個精子（遠少於25年前的一億個），但是也只是构成了精液的5%，大部分的成分是精浆，是由附属男性生殖器官产生的。射出的精液有60%的成分是睾丸产生，其他的液体大部分是前列腺产生，还有少量的胶状尿道球腺液，使精液像果冻一样呈粘稠状。
人类精浆由复杂的有机物和无机物组成，有金属和盐离子、糖、脂类、类固醇、荷尔蒙（激素）、酶、前列腺激素、氨基酸和basic 胺。精浆的作用是提供精子通过女性生殖道的营养和保护物质。一般来说，阴道的环境是酸性的（乳酸），而且粘稠，有免疫细胞守护，是不适合精子生存的。精浆能够中和这种环境。
基本的胺有腐胺、精胺、亚精胺和尸胺，这些造成了精液独有的气味，而且由于其碱性，可以中和阴道中的酸性（酸性有害于精子的生存），防止精子中的DNA變性。盐和金属离子使阴道中的环境更适合精子的生存。一次射精可以有5毫克（mg）的锌，使包含有染色质的DNA性质稳定。锌不足也会影响精子的生成。
果糖是一种单糖，是精子细胞主要的能量来源。 其他的成分，比如粘液和螺旋蛋白质，提高精子细胞在精液中的活动能力，易于精子游过子宫颈，防止精子离开精液。 前列腺激素可以防止女性对于外来精液的免疫作用。
[编辑] 精液和疾病传播
健康人的精液对于皮肤无害，吞下去也没有事。但是，精液可能传播许多性病，比如HIV能引发艾滋病。另外，精液中的成分，不论是精子还是精浆，可能会在接触淋巴腺或血液时产生免疫反应。最早的证据来自1898年的试验，Elie Metchnikoff 分别将豚鼠自己的和其他豚鼠的精液注射进体内，发现了由此而产生的抗体，但是抗体没有活性，表明免疫系统有抑制作用。S.Mathur 和 J.M.Goust等人进一步的研究证明，精液可以使人产生后天性的抗体，它们会把自身的T型淋巴细胞当成外来的抗原。这些T型淋巴细胞通常会受到体内B型淋巴细胞的攻击。
其他的精液成分，比如精浆和精液中的淋巴细胞，可以提高免疫力。注意在性交和其他皮肤接触行为中，不要接触HIV患者的精液，甚至是病毒携带者，这会带来严重后果。
[编辑] 文化層面
[编辑] 精液與「氣」
氣功經常強調一種名為「精」的能量形體[1] [2]，一種需要人去發展及積累的能量。jing is sexual energy and is considered to dissipate with ejaculation so masturbation is considered "Energy Suicide" amongst those who practice this art. According to Chi Kung theory, energy from many pathways/meridians becomes diverted and transfers itself to the sexual organs during sexual excitement, the ensuing orgasm and ejaculation will then finally expel the energy from the system completely.
[编辑] 文化及宗教
在一些文化中，精液被認為具有男性化的特殊功用。比如，在巴布亚新几内亚的Etoro人相信：年轻男子给长辈口交，并咽下它们的精液，才能夠达到性成熟。這種行為，有可能促使該族及其他部落的同性性行為文化。[3]
在一些宗教圈子中，精液被认为是男性力量的源泉。所以有时候在一些宗教中，女祭司会同时同多个男人性交以获得他们的精液，他们相信这么做可以使力量从男人身体转移到女人（女祭司）身上。收集男人射出的精液及随后混合着女性体液的液体可以提高女性能力。（Garrot-1998）
同样地，在現代诺斯提教派大师Samael Aun Weor的60多部著作，包括完美婚姻，支持 the white tantrism (or "sex magic"), 即男人不要让自己的精液流出，就可以提高生命力。另外，猶太民族亦有對精液及射精方面的規條。
According to some forms of Taoism, Polynesian beliefs, and the so-called sex magic espoused by Samael Aun Weor, the "spilling" of semen is associated with loss of power and manly strength. In over 60 books including The Perfect Matrimony, Samael Aun Weor has argued that in order to activate and harness his 靈量(kundalini energy，又譯作拙火), a man should never spill his semen.[4]
[编辑] 神聖的精液
In some pre-industrial societies, semen and other body fluids were revered because they were believed to be magical. Blood is an example of such a fluid, but semen was also widely believed to be of supernatural origin and effect and was, as a result, considered holy or sacred.
Semen is currently and has long been revered by Buddhist, Daoist and Hindu traditions as a very important constituent of human physiology.
At one time, it was believed that a woman’s menstrual blood formed the human soul and that mothers, therefore, were the source of the souls that animated their children.
露水 was once thought to be a sort of rain that fertilized the earth and, in time, became a metaphor for semen. The Bible employs the term “dew” in this sense in such verses as Song of Solomon 5:2 and Psalm 110:3, declaring, in the latter verse, for example, that the people should follow only a king who was virile enough to be full of the “dew” of youth.
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我身睡臥、我心卻醒．這是我良人的聲音．他敲門、說、我的妹子、我的佳偶、我的鴿子、我的完全人、求你給我開門、因我的頭滿了露水、我的頭髮被夜露滴濕。 |  |
--雅歌第五章第2節
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當你掌權的日子、〔或作行軍的日子〕你的民要以聖潔的妝飾為衣、〔或作以聖潔為妝飾〕甘心犧牲自己．你的民多如清晨的甘露。〔或作你少年時光耀如清晨的甘露〕 | |
--詩篇第110篇第3節
It was widely believed, in ancient times, that gemstones were drops of divine semen which had coagulated after having fertilized the earth. There is an ancient Chinese belief that jade, in particular, was the dried semen of the celestial dragon.
由於蒲公英的汁液與精液近似, it was believed that the flower magically promoted the flow of sperm.
The orchid’s twin bulbs were thought to resemble the testicles, and there was an ancient Roman belief that the flower sprang from the spilled semen of copulating satyrs.
Barbara G. Walker recounts these examples of sacred semen in The Woman’s Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects, the thesis of which is that myth and folklore show a pre-patriarchic rule by women that was later supplanted by masculine culture.
[编辑] 流行文化
Depiction of semen in art and popular culture has, for a long time, been considered a taboo subject.
Andres Serrano, whose photos depict bodily fluids such as "Blood and Semen II" (Semen y Sangre II) (1990), became a controversial figure for featuring semen in his work. He was criticized by some for producing offensive art, while others defended him in the name of artistic freedom.[6] His photos were featured on the cover art of two Metallica albums, namely Load and ReLoad, feature images made by shining light through a piece of clear plastic on which semen, blood and urine have been splattered and swirled around.
Only recently has semen been depicted (albeit controversially) in movies such as There's Something About Mary (1998) ("a hard-core staple making its debut in a mainstream Hollywood comedy")[7], Happiness (1998), American Pie (1999), Scary Movie (2000), Scary Movie 2 (2001), and National Lampoon's Van Wilder (2002). Jackass Number Two (2006) features a scene where Chris Pontius drinks horse semen.
[编辑] 委婉語
在世界各種語言，「精液」都有各種各樣的委婉語及粗直語。舉個例子，在台灣，精液又叫作「洨」、「曉」等名稱。詳見：性俚語。
[编辑] 参考
[编辑] 参考资料
- Mann T, Lutwak-Mann C. 1981. 男性生殖力和精液. 柏林: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-10383, 0-387-10383.
- Shivaji S, Scheit K-H, Bhargava PM. 1990. 精浆中的蛋白质. 纽约: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-84685-6.
- ↑ http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html
- ↑ http://www.hunyuantaijiacademy.com/Articles/On%20Qigong.aspx
- ↑ Herdt, Gilbert (editor) (January 28, 1993). Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08096-3.
- ↑ Weor, Samael Aun (November 1, 2001). The Perfect Matrimony: Tantra - the Door to Enter into Initiation, Thelema Press. ISBN 0-9742755-0-6.
- ↑ 《聖經·舊約全書》的雅歌第五章第2節及詩篇第110篇第3節。
- ↑ http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php
- ↑ Review in Rolling Stone
