Dome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other uses, see Dome (disambiguation).
A dome is a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. Domes do not have to be perfectly spherical in cross-section, however; a dome may be a section through an ellipse. If the baseline is taken parallel to the shorter of an ellipse's two diameters, a tall dome results, giving a sense of upward reach. A section across the longer axis results in a low dome, capping the volume instead. A very low dome is a saucer dome (see below). All the surfaces of any dome are curved. A spectacular innovation, one that is at the heart of Baroque style, is the oval dome, which gives axial direction and movement to the space beneath it. Though the oval dome is identified with churches of Bernini and Borromini, the first oval dome was erected by Vignola for a small chapel, Sant'Andrea in via Flaminia often called Sant'Andrea del Vignola, which was commissioned in 1552 by Julius III, and finished the following year [1], the biggest oval dome was built in the basilica of Vicoforte by Francesco Gallo.
Domes that have been disproportionately influential in later architecture are those of the Great Stupa in Sanchi (actually, a solid mound with stone facing), the Pantheon in Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. In Western architecture, the most influential domes built since the Renaissance have been those of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and Jules Hardouin-Mansart's dome at Les Invalides in Paris. The dome of St. Paul's Cathedral in London was the inspiration for the United States Capitol in Washington, which in turn inspired domes of most of the US state capitols. See further influential domes below.
A cathedral is often referred to as a duomo in Italian or "dom" in German, not because so many are crowned with crossing domes over the space where transepts intersect the nave, but from the latin "domus", house, in this case the "domus dei", the house of God. A dome is a mark of palatial ambitions whenever it is seen crowning a residence. The first residential domes were seen in Nero's Domus Aurea that covered the slope of the Palatine Hill, built after the Great Fire of Rome of AD 64 with a lavishness that scandalized the senatorial class.
In the 20th century, thin "eggshell" domes of pre-stressed concrete by architect-engineers such as Nervi opened new directions in fluid vaulted spaces enclosed beneath freeform domed space which now might be supported merely at points rather than in the traditional constricting ring.
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[edit] Characteristics
A dome can be considered as an arch which has been rotated around its vertical axis. As such, domes have a great deal of structural strength. A small dome can be constructed of ordinary masonry, held together by friction and compressive forces. Larger domes built after Brunelleschi's dome that triumphantly spanned the crossing of Santa Maria del Fiore, the duomo of Florence, have all been built as double domes, with inner and outer shells.
The concave triangular or trapezoidal sections of vaulting that provide the transition between a dome and the square base on which it is set and transfer the weight of the dome are called pendentives. (A less sophisticated version of a pendentive is a squinch.) Under the dome illustrated at left, the pendentives bear circular medallions in bas relief.
A pendentive is a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. The pendentives, which are triangular segments of a sphere, taper to points at the bottom and spread at the top to establish the continuous circular or elliptical base needed for the dome. In masonry the pendentives thus receive the weight of the dome, concentrating it at the four corners where it can be received by the piers beneath. Prior to the pendentive's development, the device of corbelling or the use of the squinch in the corners of a room had been employed. The first attempts at pendentives were made by the Romans, but full achievement of the form was reached only by the Byzantines in Hagia Sophia at Constantinople (6th cent.). Pendentives were commonly used in Renaissance and baroque churches, with a drum often inserted between the dome and pendentives.
A half-dome forms the head of an exedra or its smaller version, a niche. In Late Antiquity, the exedra developed into the apse, with separate developments in Romanesque and Byzantine practice.
Many domes are topped by a lantern, a structure with openings (or windows) to admit light in the cupola.
Many sports stadiums are domed, especially in climates that have widely-variable summer and winter weather. The first such stadium was the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. A major improvement to the domed stadium was accomplished with the construction of SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, the first domed stadium with a retractable roof.
[edit] Saucer dome
A saucer dome is the architectural term used for a low pitched shallow dome. Described geometrically as being of circular base and a segmental (less than a semicircle) section.
Gaining in popularity from the 18th century onwards, the saucer dome is often a feature of interior design, viewed from below it resembles the shallow concave shape of a saucer. The dome itself being often contained in the space between ceiling and attic is invisible externally. These domes are usually decorated internally by ornate plaster-work, occasionally they are frescoed.
They are seen occasionally externally in Byzantine churches and mosques.
[edit] Onion dome
- Main article: Onion dome.
The onion dome resembles more than half of a sphere, exemplified by Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow and the Taj Mahal. They are found mostly in eastern architecture, particularly in Russia, Turkey, India, and the Middle East.
[edit] Dome theater
Structures designed to fit a panoramic movie format.
[edit] Cupola
A cupola is a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. The word comes, through Italian, from the lower Latin cupula (classical Latin cupella from the Greek kupellon), small cup, indicating a vault resembling an upside-down cup.
[edit] Famous domes
Listed in order of their completion:
- c. 1250 BC - Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece (a corbel dome).
- 125 AD - The Pantheon, Rome, Italy.
- 537 - Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 691 - Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
- 1312 - Dome of Soltaniyeh, Iran.
- 1436 - The Duomo, Florence, Italy.
- 1502 - The Tempietto, Rome, Italy.
- 1557 - Suleiman Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 1574 - Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey.
- 1593 - St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy.
- 1616 - The Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 1653 - The Taj Mahal, Agra, India.
- 1659 - Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur Karnataka India.
- 1708 - Les Invalides, Paris, France.
- 1708 - St Paul's Cathedral, London, England.
- 1733 - Basilica Regina Montis Regalis, Vicoforte, Italy.
- 1749 - The Radcliffe Camera, Oxford, England.
- 1858 - St Isaac's Cathedral, St Petersburg, Russia.
- 1850s - The United States Capitol, Washington, DC, USA.
- 1965 - The Astrodome, Houston, TX, USA.
- 1975 - The Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- 1983 - BC Place Stadium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- 1989 - Stockholm Globe Arena - Ø 110 m
- 1989 - SkyDome aka Roger's Centre , Toronto, ON, Canada.
- 2000 - The Eden Project, Cornwall, UK.
[edit] Xanadu House
The Xanadu House was a home that used the concept of domes heavily in its shape and design. The home was one of the first non-indigenous homes to use curved surfaces throughout the exterior and interior.
[edit] See also
- Cupola
- Concrete shell
- Doming technique
- Geodesic dome
- Gonbad
- Monolithic dome
- Rotunda
- World's largest domes
[edit] External links
- The Dome of Brunelleschi, Florence virtual reality movie and pictures
