苏黎世

维基百科，自由的百科全书

苏黎世（Zürich）是瑞士最大的城市，苏黎世州首府，瑞士主要商业中心。截止到2004年有人口366,145人，都市区有1,091,732人。 苏黎世是瑞士银行业的代表城市，世界金融中心之一，瑞士联邦银行、信贷银行和许多私人银行都将总部设在苏黎世。苏黎世还是1916年出现的达达运动的发源地。苏黎世机场是瑞士最大的机场。国际足球联合会总部也设在苏黎世。在2006年的世界最佳居住城市評選中苏黎世高据全球首位。

苏黎世的名称来源于凯尔特语“Turus”，罗马帝国占领期间被称为“Turicum”，苏黎世德语方言读作Züri 国际音标 [ˈtsyri].

目录 1 历史 2 地理 3 盾形纹章 4 工商业 5 教育和研究 6 体育 7 大事 8 交通 9 知名人物 10 酒店 11 外部链接

[编辑] 历史

苏黎世在罗马帝国时，是通过水路向帝国运送货物的主要收税点，后来成为神圣罗马帝国的领地，1218年成为帝国属下的自由城，1351年加入瑞士联邦，成为瑞士联邦的第五个州，1440年由于和其他州发生土地纠纷，而引发战争，被瑞士联邦开除，1446年在内战中被击败, 1450年重新被联邦接纳。

Numerous lake-side settlements from the Neolithic and Bronze age have been found, such as those in the Zürich Pressehaus and Zürich Mozartstrasse. The settlements were found in the 1800s, submerged in Zurichsee, or Lake Zurich. In 2004, traces of a pre-Roman Celtic settlement were discovered. In Roman times, Turicum was a tax-collecting point for goods entering the imperial province of Raetia by river. The earliest record of the town's name is preserved on a tombstone found in the eighteenth century on Lindenhof, referring to the Roman castle as STA(tio) TUR(i)CEN(sis).

A Carolingian castle, built on the site of the Roman castle by the grandson of Charlemagne, Louis the German, is mentioned in 835 ("in castro Turicino iuxta fluvium Lindemaci"). Louis also founded the Fraumünster abbey in 853 for his daughter Hildegard. He endowed the Benedictine convent with the lands of Zürich, Uri, and the Albis forest, and granted the convent immunity, placing it under his direct authority.

In 1045, King 亨利三世,神圣罗马帝国 granted the convent the right to hold markets, collect tolls, and mint coins, and thus effectively made the abbess the ruler of the city.

苏黎世 became reichsunmittelbar in 1218 with the extinction of the main line of the Zähringer family. A city wall was built during the 1230s, enclosing 38 hectares. The 車站大道 marks the course of the western moat. The earliest citizens' stone houses at the Rennweg date to this period, using the delapidated Carolingian castle as a quarry.

Frederick II皇帝 promoted the abbess of the Fraumünster to the rank of a duchess in 1234. The abbess assigned the mayor, and she frequently delegated the minting of coins to citizens of the city. However, the political power of the convent slowly waned in the fourteenth century, beginning with the establishment of the Zunftordnung (guild laws) in 1336 by Rudolf Brun, who also became the first independent mayor, i.e. not assigned by the abbess.

The Codex Manesse, a major source of medieval German poetry, was written and illustrated in the early 14世纪 in Zürich.

苏黎世 joined the Swiss confederation (which at that point was a loose confederation of de facto independent states) as the fifth member in 1351. Zürich was expelled from the confederation in 1440 due to a war with the other member states over the territory of Toggenburg (the Old Zürich War). 苏黎世was defeated in 1446, and re-admitted to the confederation in 1450.

慈运理开始瑞士宗教改革时正是苏黎世的主要牧师。他从1518年直到1531年去世一直住在这里。

A second ring of impressive city ramparts was built during the 三十年战争.

In 1839, the city had to yield to the demands of its rural subjects, following the Züriputsch of 6 September. Most of the ramparts built in the 17th centuries were torn down, without ever having been sieged, to allay rural concerns over the city's hegemony.

The Limmatquai was built in several stages between 1823 and 1859 along the right side of the Limmat.

From 1847, the Spanisch-Brötli-Bahn, the first railway on Swiss territory, connected Zürich with Baden, putting 苏黎世火车总站 at the origin of 瑞士 rail network. The present building of the Hauptbahnhof (chief railway station) dates to 1871.

The Ötenbach monastery, founded 1285, fell victim to the increasingly grand city planning in 1902, with the entire hill it was built on removed to make way for the new Uraniastrasse and administration buildings. It had been serving as a prison, and the inmates were moved to the newly completed cantonal prison in Regensdorf.

[编辑] 地理

苏黎世位于从苏黎世湖的利马特河和希尔河的交汇地，交汇地正在市火车总站广场，苏黎世南面紧挨着苏黎世湖。四外被长满森林的低矮山地包围。是个好地方。

[编辑] 盾形纹章

苏黎世的蓝白两色盾形纹章 is attested from 1389, and was derived from banners with blue and white stripes in use 自从1315年. The first certain testimony of banners with the same design is from 1434. The coat of arms is flanked by two lions. The red Schwenkel on top of the banner had varying interpretations: For 苏黎世人民，it was a mark of honour, granted by Rudolph I. Zurich's neighbors mocked it as a sign of shame, commemorating the loss of the banner at Winterthur in 1292. 今天，苏黎世州和苏黎世市使用同样的盾形纹章。

[编辑] 工商业

UBS, Credit Suisse, 以及許多私人銀行的總部都設於瑞士的商業中心 - 蘇黎世。主要是由於瑞士銀行的保密能力，使蘇黎世成為離岸銀行業務的世界主要中心。金融方面的帳戶大約佔據整個城市四分之一的經濟活動。瑞士證券交易所的總部亦設於蘇黎世(參見瑞士銀行).

[编辑] 教育和研究

• ETH Zurich
• 苏黎世大学
• IBM Zurich Research Laboratory

[编辑] 体育

• FC 苏黎世足球俱乐部[1] （德文）
• Grasshopper-Club Football [2] （德文）
• ZSC Lions Ice Hockey 俱乐部 [3] （德文）
• Challengers Baseball 俱乐部苏黎世 [4]
• 苏黎世 Renegades American 足球俱乐部[5] （德文）
• Federation Internationale de 足球 Association (FIFA)
• Weltklasse Zürich
• 国际 Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)
• Swimming in the lake, in the river or in several outdoor swimming pools (June-September)

[编辑] 大事

• Street Parade
• Sechseläuten, where the guilds parade through the city
• Annual public art program 每年夏天, sponsored by 苏黎士 City Association (the local equivalent of a chamber of commerce) with the cooperation of 市政府。The theme for 2005 was teddy bears.

[编辑] 交通

苏黎世为全国交通重要交汇点之一， 苏黎世有几个火车站。苏黎世火车总站为全国最大火车站。还包括Zürich Oerlikon, 苏黎世 Stadelhofen, and 苏黎世 Altstetten. 苏黎世通过A1、A3、A4、A20、A51国立高速公路连接西面的伯尔尼、日内瓦，东面的St. Gallen，西北面的巴塞尔和东南面的 Sargans.)。 苏黎世国际机场為瑞士最主要的航空口岸，位於東北郊區不到10千米远的克洛滕。

苏黎世 is a hub for rail, road, and air traffic. The Cisalpino, InterCity Express, and even the TGV high-speed trains stop in Zürich.

Within 苏黎世 and throughout 苏黎世州，the ZVV network of public transport has traffic density rating among the highest worldwide. If you add frequency, which in 苏黎世 is 7 minutes, it does become the densest across all dimensions. Rumour has it that no point exists on the ground floor within the central district which is farther than 150 metres from the next bus, tram, or train stop.

市內主要街道包括車站大街(Bahnhofstrasse)及Limmatquai.

[编辑] 知名人物

於苏黎世出生或逝世的人物

• 慈运理 (1484年 - 1531年)，宗教改革者
• Conrad Gessner (1516年 - 1565年)，博物学家，生卒都在苏黎世
• Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672 - 1733年)，学者，生于苏黎世
• Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741 - 1801)，诗人和相士，生于苏黎世
• 裴斯泰洛齐（Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi） (1746 - 1827)，教育改革家，生于苏黎世
• Gottfried Keller (1819年 - 1890年)，诗人，生卒都在苏黎世
• Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (1825年 - 1898年)，诗人，生于苏黎世
• Johanna Spyri (1827年 - 1901年)，海蒂的作者，卒于苏黎世
• Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia (1853年) - (1920年) Duchess of Edinburgh，卒于苏黎世
• Wilhelm Filchner (1877年 - 1957)，explorer，卒于苏黎世
• James Joyce (1882 - 1941)，爱尔兰小说家，卒于苏黎世 (葬于苏黎世Fluntern cemetery)
• Felix Bloch (1905 - 1983)，physicist，生于苏黎世
• Elias Canetti (1905 - 1994)，小说家，卒于苏黎世
• Max Frisch (1911年 - 1991)，小说家，生卒都在苏黎世
• Hugo Koblet (1925 - 1964)，自行车冠军
• Bruno Ganz (1941年生于苏黎世)，演员，
• Martin Suter (1948年生于苏黎世)，作家，
• Lucinda Ruh (1979年生于苏黎世)，figure skater，

Famous residents:

• Tristan Tzara (1915-1919)
• Richard Wagner (1849–1861)
• Albert Einstein (1896–1900, 1909–1911, 1912–1914)
• Vladimir Lenin (1917)
• Thomas Mann (1933–1942)
• Kurt Tucholsky (1932–1933)
• James Joyce (1915–1919)
• Tina Turner
• Elisabeth Schwarzkopf

[编辑] 酒店

• Savoy Baur en Ville ([6])
• Baur au Lac ([7])
• Dolder ([8])
• Alden Splügenschloss ([9])
• Eden au Lac ([10])
• Park Hyatt Zürich ([11])
• Widder ([12])
• Marriott ([13])
• Zürich Photos
• Ascot ([14])

See also Zürich Tourismus

[编辑] 外部链接

• 苏黎世旅游