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希腊字母

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Greek alphabet
類型: Alphabet
語言: Greek, with many modifications covering many languages
使用時期: ~800 B.C. to the present
母書寫系統: Proto-Canaanite alphabet
 Phoenician alphabet
  Greek alphabet
子書寫系統: Gothic
Glagolitic
Cyrillic
Coptic
Old Italic alphabet
Latin alphabet
Armenian (disputed)
ISO 15924 碼 Grek
 
字母歷史
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青銅中期文化時期 前19-15世紀

麥羅埃文 前3世紀
原始迦南文系譜

希腊字母源自腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母只有辅音,从右向左写。希腊语元音发达,希腊人增添了元音字母。因为希腊人的书写工具是蠟板,有时前一行从右向左写完后顺势就从左向右写,变成所谓“耕地”式书写,后来逐渐演变成全部从左向右写。字母的方向也颠倒了。

罗马人引进希腊字母,略微改变变为拉丁字母,在世界广为流行。希腊字母广泛应用到学术领域,如数学等。西里尔字母也是由希腊字母演变而成。

字母”的英语 alphabet ,正是由首两个希腊字母 alpha 及 beta 的发音并合而成。

目录

[编辑] 主表

下表列出希腊字母及其衍生字母(发音使用國際音標表示):

字母 名字 发音 对应的
腓尼基
字母
拉丁转写1
希腊语 英语 古代 现代 古代 现代
Α α ἄλφα Alpha [a] [aː] [a] Aleph 'Aleph a a
Β β βῆτα Beta [b] [v] Beth Beth b v
Γ γ γάμμα Gamma [g] [ʝ] before [e̞] or [i];
[ɣ] otherwise
Gimel Gimel g gh, g, y
Δ δ δέλτα Delta [d] [ð] Daleth Daleth d d, dh
Ε ε ἒψιλόν Epsilon [e] [e̞] He He e e
Ζ ζ ζῆτα Zeta [zd], later [zː] [z] Zayin Zayin z z
Η η ἦτα Eta [ɛː] [i] Heth Heth e, ē i
Θ θ θῆτα Theta [tʰ] [θ] Teth Teth th th
Ι ι ἰῶτα Iota [i] [iː] [i], [j] Yodh Yodh i i
Κ κ κάππα Kappa [k] [c] before [e̞] or [i];
[k] otherwise
Kaph Kaph k k
Λ λ λάμβδα Lambda [l] [l] Lamedh Lamedh l l
Μ μ μῦ Mu [m] [m] Mem Mem m m
Ν ν νῦ Nu [n] [n] Nun Nun n n
Ξ ξ ξῖ Xi [ks] [ks] Samekh Samekh x x, ks
Ο ο ὄμικρόν Omicron [o] [o̞] Ayin 'Ayin o o
Π π πῖ Pi [p] [p] Pe Pe p p
Ρ ρ ῥῶ Rho [r], [r̥] [ɾ] Res Resh r (: rh) r
Σ σς σῖγμα Sigma [s] [s] Sin Shin s s
Τ τ ταῦ Tau [t] [t] Taw Taw t t
Υ υ ὒψιλόν Upsilon [u] [uː], later [y] [yː] [i] from Waw Waw u, y (between consonants) y, v, f
Φ φ φῖ Phi [pʰ] [f] 来源有争议 ph f
Χ χ χῖ Chi [kʰ] [ç] before [e̞] or [i];
[x] otherwise
ch ch, kh
Ψ ψ ψῖ Psi [ps] [ps] ps ps
Ω ω ὦμέγα Omega [ɔː] [o̞] o, ō o
  1. For details and different transliteration systems see Transliteration of Greek into English.

Some of the letters had different pronunciations in pre-classical times or in non-Attic dialects. For details, see History of the Greek alphabet.

[编辑] 旧时的字母

The following letters are not part of the standard Greek alphabet, but were in use in pre-classical times or in certain dialects. The letters digamma, qoppa, and sampi were also used in Greek numerals.

字母 名字 發音 对应的
腓尼基
字母
拉丁转写
Digamma [w] Waw Waw w
San [s] Sade Tsade s
Qoppa [q] Qoph Qoph q
Sampi [ts] ? 来源有争议

[编辑] 字母组合和複合元音

字母 发音 拉丁转写
古老 经典 现代
[aːɪ] [] [a] a
αι   [] [e̞] ae
ει [] [] [i] i
[ɛːi] [ɛː] [i] e
οι   [] [i] oe, i (final)
υι   [] [i] ui
[ɔːɪ] [ɔː] [o̞] o
αυ   [] [av] before vowel or voiced consonant;
[af] before voiceless sound
au, av
ευ   [] [e̞v] before vowel or voiced consonant;
[e̞f] before voiceless sound
eu, ev
ηυ   [ɛːʊ] [iv] before vowel or voiced consonant;
[if] before voiceless sound
eu
ου []
[]
[] [u] u, ou
γγ*   [ŋg] [ŋg] in formal speech (palatalised to [ŋɟ] before [e̞] or [i]),
but often reduced to [g] (palatalised to [ɟ] before [e̞] or [i]);
also pronounced [ŋɣ] in some contexts (palatalised to [ŋʝ] before [e̞])
ng
γκ*   [ŋk] [g] at the beginning of a word (palatalised to [ɟ] before [e̞] or [i]);
[ŋg] otherwise (palatalised to [ŋɟ] before [e̞] or [i]),
but often reduced to [g] (palatalised to [ɟ] before [e̞] or [i])
nc, nk
γξ*   [ŋks] [ŋks] nx, nks
γχ*   [ŋx] [ŋç] before [e̞] or [i];
[ŋx] otherwise
nch, nkh
μπ - - [b] at the beginning of a word;
[mb] otherwise, but often reduced to [b]
mp
ντ - - [d] at the beginning of a word;
[nd] otherwise, but often reduced to [d]
nt
  • Some scholars see [ŋ] (agma) as a phoneme in its own right.

[编辑] ISO 8859-7 编码

  • ISO 8859-7 编码是在 Unicode 流行之前的一种希腊字母电脑编码。请参阅 ISO 8859-7

[编辑] Unicode 编码

  • U+0370 - U+03F0 是 Monotonic Greek 。(当中 U+03E2 - U+03EF 屬於古埃及字母编码,下表不作列出)
  • U+1F00 - U+1FFF 是 Polytonic Greek 。在1982年拼写法改革后已不再使用。
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0370         ʹ ͵         ͺ       ;  
0380         ΄ ΅ Ά · Έ Ή Ί   Ό   Ύ Ώ
0390 ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο
03A0 Π Ρ   Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ ή ί
03B0 ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο
03C0 π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ  
03D0 ϐ ϑ ϒ ϓ ϔ ϕ ϖ ϗ Ϙ ϙ Ϛ ϛ Ϝ ϝ Ϟ ϟ
03E0 Ϡ ϡ (古埃及字母区段)
03F0 ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϶ Ϸ ϸ Ϲ Ϻ ϻ ϼ Ͻ Ͼ Ͽ
1F00
1F10        
1F20
1F30 Ἷ
1F40        
1F50        
1F60
1F70    
1F80
1F90
1FA0
1FB0   ᾿
1FC0  
1FD0      
1FE0
1FF0        
THIS WEB:

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - be - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - closed_zh_tw - co - cr - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - haw - he - hi - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - ms - mt - mus - my - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - ru_sib - rw - sa - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - searchcom - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sq - sr - ss - st - su - sv - sw - ta - te - test - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tokipona - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

Static Wikipedia 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007:

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - be - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - closed_zh_tw - co - cr - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - haw - he - hi - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - ms - mt - mus - my - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - ru_sib - rw - sa - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - searchcom - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sq - sr - ss - st - su - sv - sw - ta - te - test - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tokipona - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

Static Wikipedia 2006:

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - be - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - closed_zh_tw - co - cr - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - haw - he - hi - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - ms - mt - mus - my - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - ru_sib - rw - sa - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - searchcom - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sq - sr - ss - st - su - sv - sw - ta - te - test - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tokipona - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu