希腊字母
维基百科,自由的百科全书
Greek alphabet | ||
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類型: | Alphabet | |
語言: | Greek, with many modifications covering many languages | |
使用時期: | ~800 B.C. to the present | |
母書寫系統: | Proto-Canaanite alphabet Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet |
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子書寫系統: | Gothic Glagolitic Cyrillic Coptic Old Italic alphabet Latin alphabet Armenian (disputed) |
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ISO 15924 碼: | Grek | |
注意:本頁包含 Unicode 的 國際音標 |
字母歷史 | |
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青銅中期文化時期 前19-15世紀 |
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麥羅埃文 前3世紀 | |
原始迦南文系譜 |
希腊字母源自腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母只有辅音,从右向左写。希腊语言元音发达,希腊人增添了元音字母。因为希腊人的书写工具是蠟板,有时前一行从右向左写完后顺势就从左向右写,变成所谓“耕地”式书写,后来逐渐演变成全部从左向右写。字母的方向也颠倒了。
罗马人引进希腊字母,略微改变变为拉丁字母,在世界广为流行。希腊字母广泛应用到学术领域,如数学等。西里尔字母也是由希腊字母演变而成。
“字母”的英语 alphabet ,正是由首两个希腊字母 alpha 及 beta 的发音并合而成。
目录 |
[编辑] 主表
下表列出希腊字母及其衍生字母(发音使用國際音標表示):
字母 | 名字 | 发音 | 对应的 腓尼基 字母 |
拉丁转写1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
希腊语 | 英语 | 古代 | 现代 | 古代 | 现代 | ||
Α α | ἄλφα | Alpha | [a] [aː] | [a] | 'Aleph | a | a |
Β β | βῆτα | Beta | [b] | [v] | Beth | b | v |
Γ γ | γάμμα | Gamma | [g] | [ʝ] before [e̞] or [i]; [ɣ] otherwise |
Gimel | g | gh, g, y |
Δ δ | δέλτα | Delta | [d] | [ð] | Daleth | d | d, dh |
Ε ε | ἒψιλόν | Epsilon | [e] | [e̞] | He | e | e |
Ζ ζ | ζῆτα | Zeta | [zd], later [zː] | [z] | Zayin | z | z |
Η η | ἦτα | Eta | [ɛː] | [i] | Heth | e, ē | i |
Θ θ | θῆτα | Theta | [tʰ] | [θ] | Teth | th | th |
Ι ι | ἰῶτα | Iota | [i] [iː] | [i], [j] | Yodh | i | i |
Κ κ | κάππα | Kappa | [k] | [c] before [e̞] or [i]; [k] otherwise |
Kaph | k | k |
Λ λ | λάμβδα | Lambda | [l] | [l] | Lamedh | l | l |
Μ μ | μῦ | Mu | [m] | [m] | Mem | m | m |
Ν ν | νῦ | Nu | [n] | [n] | Nun | n | n |
Ξ ξ | ξῖ | Xi | [ks] | [ks] | Samekh | x | x, ks |
Ο ο | ὄμικρόν | Omicron | [o] | [o̞] | 'Ayin | o | o |
Π π | πῖ | Pi | [p] | [p] | Pe | p | p |
Ρ ρ | ῥῶ | Rho | [r], [r̥] | [ɾ] | Resh | r (ῥ: rh) | r |
Σ σς | σῖγμα | Sigma | [s] | [s] | Shin | s | s |
Τ τ | ταῦ | Tau | [t] | [t] | Taw | t | t |
Υ υ | ὒψιλόν | Upsilon | [u] [uː], later [y] [yː] | [i] | from Waw | u, y (between consonants) | y, v, f |
Φ φ | φῖ | Phi | [pʰ] | [f] | 来源有争议 | ph | f |
Χ χ | χῖ | Chi | [kʰ] | [ç] before [e̞] or [i]; [x] otherwise |
ch | ch, kh | |
Ψ ψ | ψῖ | Psi | [ps] | [ps] | ps | ps | |
Ω ω | ὦμέγα | Omega | [ɔː] | [o̞] | o, ō | o |
- For details and different transliteration systems see Transliteration of Greek into English.
Some of the letters had different pronunciations in pre-classical times or in non-Attic dialects. For details, see History of the Greek alphabet.
[编辑] 旧时的字母
The following letters are not part of the standard Greek alphabet, but were in use in pre-classical times or in certain dialects. The letters digamma, qoppa, and sampi were also used in Greek numerals.
字母 | 名字 | 發音 | 对应的 腓尼基 字母 |
拉丁转写 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Digamma | [w] | Waw | w | |
San | [s] | Tsade | s | |
Qoppa | [q] | Qoph | q | |
Sampi | [ts] ? | 来源有争议 | – |
[编辑] 字母组合和複合元音
字母 | 发音 | 拉丁转写 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
古老 | 经典 | 现代 | ||
ᾳ | [aːɪ] | [aː] | [a] | a |
αι | [aɪ] | [e̞] | ae | |
ει | [eɪ] | [eː] | [i] | i |
ῃ | [ɛːi] | [ɛː] | [i] | e |
οι | [oɪ] | [i] | oe, i (final) | |
υι | [yɪ] | [i] | ui | |
ῳ | [ɔːɪ] | [ɔː] | [o̞] | o |
αυ | [aʊ] | [av] before vowel or voiced consonant; [af] before voiceless sound |
au, av | |
ευ | [eʊ] | [e̞v] before vowel or voiced consonant; [e̞f] before voiceless sound |
eu, ev | |
ηυ | [ɛːʊ] | [iv] before vowel or voiced consonant; [if] before voiceless sound |
eu | |
ου | [oʊ] [oː] |
[uː] | [u] | u, ou |
γγ* | [ŋg] | [ŋg] in formal speech (palatalised to [ŋɟ] before [e̞] or [i]), but often reduced to [g] (palatalised to [ɟ] before [e̞] or [i]); also pronounced [ŋɣ] in some contexts (palatalised to [ŋʝ] before [e̞]) |
ng | |
γκ* | [ŋk] | [g] at the beginning of a word (palatalised to [ɟ] before [e̞] or [i]); [ŋg] otherwise (palatalised to [ŋɟ] before [e̞] or [i]), but often reduced to [g] (palatalised to [ɟ] before [e̞] or [i]) |
nc, nk | |
γξ* | [ŋks] | [ŋks] | nx, nks | |
γχ* | [ŋx] | [ŋç] before [e̞] or [i]; [ŋx] otherwise |
nch, nkh | |
μπ | - | - | [b] at the beginning of a word; [mb] otherwise, but often reduced to [b] |
mp |
ντ | - | - | [d] at the beginning of a word; [nd] otherwise, but often reduced to [d] |
nt |
- Some scholars see [ŋ] (agma) as a phoneme in its own right.
[编辑] ISO 8859-7 编码
- ISO 8859-7 编码是在 Unicode 流行之前的一种希腊字母电脑编码。请参阅 ISO 8859-7。
[编辑] Unicode 编码
- U+0370 - U+03F0 是 Monotonic Greek 。(当中 U+03E2 - U+03EF 屬於古埃及字母编码,下表不作列出)
- U+1F00 - U+1FFF 是 Polytonic Greek 。在1982年拼写法改革后已不再使用。
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0370 | ʹ | ͵ | ͺ | ; | ||||||||||||
0380 | ΄ | ΅ | Ά | · | Έ | Ή | Ί | Ό | Ύ | Ώ | ||||||
0390 | ΐ | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ζ | Η | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο |
03A0 | Π | Ρ | Σ | Τ | Υ | Φ | Χ | Ψ | Ω | Ϊ | Ϋ | ά | έ | ή | ί | |
03B0 | ΰ | α | β | γ | δ | ε | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | ν | ξ | ο |
03C0 | π | ρ | ς | σ | τ | υ | φ | χ | ψ | ω | ϊ | ϋ | ό | ύ | ώ | |
03D0 | ϐ | ϑ | ϒ | ϓ | ϔ | ϕ | ϖ | ϗ | Ϙ | ϙ | Ϛ | ϛ | Ϝ | ϝ | Ϟ | ϟ |
03E0 | Ϡ | ϡ | (古埃及字母区段) | |||||||||||||
03F0 | ϰ | ϱ | ϲ | ϳ | ϴ | ϵ | ϶ | Ϸ | ϸ | Ϲ | Ϻ | ϻ | ϼ | Ͻ | Ͼ | Ͽ |
1F00 | ἀ | ἁ | ἂ | ἃ | ἄ | ἅ | ἆ | ἇ | Ἀ | Ἁ | Ἂ | Ἃ | Ἄ | Ἅ | Ἆ | Ἇ |
1F10 | ἐ | ἑ | ἒ | ἓ | ἔ | ἕ | Ἐ | Ἑ | Ἒ | Ἓ | Ἔ | Ἕ | ||||
1F20 | ἠ | ἡ | ἢ | ἣ | ἤ | ἥ | ἦ | ἧ | Ἠ | Ἡ | Ἢ | Ἣ | Ἤ | Ἥ | Ἦ | Ἧ |
1F30 | ἰ | ἱ | ἲ | ἳ | ἴ | ἵ | ἶ | ἷ | Ἰ | Ἱ | Ἲ | Ἳ | Ἴ | Ἵ | Ἶ | Ἷ |
1F40 | ὀ | ὁ | ὂ | ὃ | ὄ | ὅ | Ὀ | Ὁ | Ὂ | Ὃ | Ὄ | Ὅ | ||||
1F50 | ὐ | ὑ | ὒ | ὓ | ὔ | ὕ | ὖ | ὗ | Ὑ | Ὓ | Ὕ | Ὗ | ||||
1F60 | ὠ | ὡ | ὢ | ὣ | ὤ | ὥ | ὦ | ὧ | Ὠ | Ὡ | Ὢ | Ὣ | Ὤ | Ὥ | Ὦ | Ὧ |
1F70 | ὰ | ά | ὲ | έ | ὴ | ή | ὶ | ί | ὸ | ό | ὺ | ύ | ὼ | ώ | ||
1F80 | ᾀ | ᾁ | ᾂ | ᾃ | ᾄ | ᾅ | ᾆ | ᾇ | ᾈ | ᾉ | ᾊ | ᾋ | ᾌ | ᾍ | ᾎ | ᾏ |
1F90 | ᾐ | ᾑ | ᾒ | ᾓ | ᾔ | ᾕ | ᾖ | ᾗ | ᾘ | ᾙ | ᾚ | ᾛ | ᾜ | ᾝ | ᾞ | ᾟ |
1FA0 | ᾠ | ᾡ | ᾢ | ᾣ | ᾤ | ᾥ | ᾦ | ᾧ | ᾨ | ᾩ | ᾪ | ᾫ | ᾬ | ᾭ | ᾮ | ᾯ |
1FB0 | ᾰ | ᾱ | ᾲ | ᾳ | ᾴ | ᾶ | ᾷ | Ᾰ | Ᾱ | Ὰ | Ά | ᾼ | ᾽ | ι | ᾿ | |
1FC0 | ῀ | ῁ | ῂ | ῃ | ῄ | ῆ | ῇ | Ὲ | Έ | Ὴ | Ή | ῌ | ῍ | ῎ | ῏ | |
1FD0 | ῐ | ῑ | ῒ | ΐ | ῖ | ῗ | Ῐ | Ῑ | Ὶ | Ί | ῝ | ῞ | ῟ | |||
1FE0 | ῠ | ῡ | ῢ | ΰ | ῤ | ῥ | ῦ | ῧ | Ῠ | Ῡ | Ὺ | Ύ | Ῥ | ῭ | ΅ | ` |
1FF0 | ῲ | ῳ | ῴ | ῶ | ῷ | Ὸ | Ό | Ὼ | Ώ | ῼ | ´ | ῾ |