Sân bay Quốc tế Changi Singapore
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
| Singapore Changi Airport 新加坡樟宜机场 Xīnjiāpō Zhāngyí Jīchǎng Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Changi Singapura சிங்கப்பூர் சாங்கி அனைத்துலக விமானநிலையம |
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| IATA: SIN - ICAO: WSSS | |||
| Tóm tắt | |||
| Kiểu sân bay | Military/Public | ||
| Cơ quan điều hành | Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) | ||
| Phục vụ | Singapore | ||
| Độ cao AMSL | 22 ft (7 m) | ||
| Tọa độ | 01°21′01″N, 103°59′40″E | ||
| Đường băng | |||
| Hướng | Chiều dài | Bề mặt | |
| ft | m | ||
| 02L/20R | 13,123 | 4,000 | Asphalt |
| 02C/20C | 13,123 | 4,000 | Asphalt |
| 02R/20L | 9,015 | 2,748 | Asphalt |
Sân bay Quốc tế Singapore Changi ([[Tiếng Hoa: 新加坡樟宜机场 pinyin: Xīnjiāpō Zhāngyí Jīchǎng}}; tiếng Malai: Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Changi Singapura); tiếng Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் சாங்கி அனைத்துலக விமானநிலையம்), hoặc đơn giản Changi Airport (Airport codes|SIN|WSSS) là một sân bay trung tâm lớn của châu Á nói chung và Đông Nam Á nói riêng. Diện tích 1300 ha, cách trung tâm thương mại của Singapore 20 km đông đông bắc. Sân bay có 4054 chuyến bay/tuần do 80 hãng đến 184 thành phố và 57 nước. Sân bay sử dụng 13000 nhân công và đóng góp đáng kể (4,5 tỷ Đô la Singapore) cho nền kinh tế của đảo quốc Singapore. Năm 2005, sân bay này đã phục vụ 32,43 triệu khách, tăng 7% so với năm 2004 - xếp thứ 26 thế giới và thứ 6 châu Á về lượng khách phục vụ. Sân bay này cũng là một trong những sân bay vận chuyển hàng hóa hàng đầu thế giới - 1.854.610 tấn năm 2005
Mục lục |
[sửa] Lịch sử
[sửa] Các giai đoạn xây dựng
[sửa] Các kế hoạch mở rộng
[sửa] Các giải thưởng
Năm 2006, sân bay này soán ngôi Sân bay Quốc tế Hồng Kông để đoạt danh hiệu Sân bay tốt nhất thế giới do hành khách bầu chọn thông qua Skytrax.
[sửa] Hạ tầng và dịch vụ
| Đường lăn | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Length | 25,300 m | ||
| Width | 30 m | ||
| Các nhà ga hành khách | |||
| Tổng số hiện tại | |||
| Diện tích sàn | 679.100 m² | ||
| Năng lực vận chuyển khách | 46,7 triệu | ||
| Bãi đậu máy bay | 68 (cầu vào máy bay) 40 (remote) |
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| Terminal One | |||
| Được mở cửa | 1 July 1981 (Hoạt động) 29 tháng 12 1981 (official) |
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| Diện tích sàn | 276.100 m² | ||
| Công suất | 21 triệu | ||
| Bãi đậu máy bay | 32 (cầu vào máy bay) 16 (remote) |
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| Terminal 2 | |||
| Được mở cửa | 22 tháng 11 1990 (hoạt động) 1 June 1991 (official) |
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| Diện tích sàn | 358,000 m² | ||
| Công suất | 23 triệu | ||
| Bãi đậu máy bay | 35 (cầu dẫn vào máy bay) 9 (remote) |
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| Terminal 3 | |||
| được mở cửa | 2008 (dự kiến) | ||
| Diện tích sàn | |||
| Công suất | 20 triệu | ||
| Bãi đậu máy bay | 28 (cầu dẫn vào máy bay) 1 (remote) |
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| Budget Terminal | |||
| Được mở cửa | 26 tháng 3 2006 | ||
| Diện tích sàn | 25.000 m² | ||
| Côn suất | 2,7 million | ||
| Bãi đậu máy bay | 10 (remote) | ||
| JetQuay (CIP Terminal) | |||
| Được mở cửa | 29 tháng 9 2006 (chính thức) | ||
| Diện tích sàn | 20.000 m² | ||
| Công suất | |||
| Bãi đậu máy bay | 0 | ||
[sửa] Đường băng
Changi có 2 đường băng song song 02L/20R và 02C/20C. 02L/20R hoàn thành năm 1981 thuộc giai đoạn 1. đường 02C/20C (trước đây 02R/20L), xây xong trên phần đất lấn biển thuộc giai đoạn 2, cách đường kia (02/20R) 1,64 km. Cả hai đường băng đều được trang bị Hệ thống Hạn cánh có điều khiển (Instrument Landing Systems) hướng dẫn máy bay trong mọi điều kiện thời tiết.
[sửa] Các nhà ga hành khách
Singapore Changi Airport có 2 nhà ga (terminal) kết nối bằng hệ thống di chuyển bằng băng chuyền. Một nhà ga thứ 3 đang được xây dựng và dự kiến hoàn thành năm 2008. Một nhà ga cho các hãng hàng không giá rẻ đã được xây và mở cửa tháng 3/2005. Công suất của sân bay này là 46,7 triệu khách/năm. Changi có thế đón máy bay khổng lồ Airbus A380 mà hãng Singapore Airlines đưa vào sử dụng cuối năm 2006.
[sửa] Các tiện ích của nhà ga
In addition to a wide array of duty free shops and eating outlets, Changi Airport has six open air garden areas. Open to customers of the airport, each garden represents a different group of plants: cactus, bamboo, heliconia, sunflower, fern, and orchid. Changi Airport has numerous business centres located aound the airport. Within the international transit area of the interconnected Terminals 1 and 2, internet and games facilties, prayer rooms, showers, spas, gym, swimming pool and a hotel were provided.
Various lounge areas are provided, some including children's play areas or televisions showing news or movie channels.
[sửa] Mua sắm
The airport has over 30,000 square meters of space spread between its two terminals for shopping and eating outlets. In terms of sales, it outstrips any other shopping mall in Singapore, including those in top tourist-spot Orchard Road [1]. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore derives 60% of its total annual revenue (over US$500 million in the year ended March 2005) from non-aeronautical sources, with 30% from commercial space rental and a percentage of sale receipts. Liquor and perfumes are particularly popular, accounting for over half of total retail sales, followed by watches and tobacco products.
Extensive upgrading work on existing retail areas and their expansion since 2004 has seen sales rising 13.3% in the first half of 2005 year-on-year over 2004, and as much as 67% compared to the same period in 2003, with brands such as Prada, Gucci, Bulgari and Hermes opening outlets during this period. The airport enjoys "one of the highest concession revenues per passenger in the world" compared to other major international airports according to Jeffrey Loke, CAAS' assistant commercial director.
[sửa] Vận chuyển hàng hóa
The Air Cargo Division of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore manages the Changi Airfreight Centre [2] located in the north of the airport premises [3]. Fueled by high economic growth in China, the airport handled 1,854,610 tonnes of air cargo in 2005, an increase of 3.3% over the previous year, making it the 10th busiest airfreight hub in the world, and the fifth busiest in Asia. Due to Singapore's large electonics sector, electorical components constitute a singificant part of the total cargo traffic handled at the airport, although it has initiated attempts to diversify into the perishable air cargo market.
Relying on extensive use of Information Technology, the Air Cargo Division introduced various IT systems such as the Air Cargo EDI System (ACES), the Advance Clearance for Courier and Express Shipments System (ACCESS) and the Electronic Payment and Invoicing for Cargo (EPIC) to ease customs clearance procedures and movement. It also pioneered the TradeNet System, allowing for traders to conduct trade declarations over the internet and speeding the approval process by controlling authorities. TradeNet will also be linked to the country-wide Integrated Trade and Logistics IT platform [4].
[sửa] Dịch vụ các hãng hàng không
[sửa] Dịch vụ mặt đất
Ground handling services are currently handled by three companies: Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS), Changi International Airport Services (CIAS) and Swissport. SATS, a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines, is the dominant player with close to 80% of the market in the airport. CIAS was formed in 1981 by the Port of Singapore Authority and five airlines: Air France, China Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Lufthansa Airlines, and handled the remaining market share.
In the early 2000s, the government decided to introduce competition into the market by offering an additional license. Swissair's Swissport successfully won the license (valid for 10 years) and commenced operations on 2 March 2005. As Swissair folded and was subsequently taken over by Swiss International Airlines, the latter became the company's first customer. Adam Air chose Swissport as its ground handler in 2005, while Tiger Airways followed suit in 2006. Other customers of Swissport include Australian Airlines, Swiss World Cargo, Thai AirAsia and Cardig Air.
CIAS underwent restructuring when its shareholding was bought over by Dubai's Dnata group and Temasek Holdings, and was relaunched in June 2005 with a new branding. Its security services was amalgamated into the new Temasek-owned Aetos Security Management Private Limited.
[sửa] Bảo dưỡng máy bay
A total of five hangers house facilities to provide aircraft maintenance support by SIA Engineering Company and ST Aviation Services Company, including what was then the world's largest column-free hanger with a space of 20,000 square metres when opened in 1981 [5].
[sửa] An ninh
The airport's security comes under the purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, and the naming of the airport as a terrorism target by the Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security has been stepped up. Roving patrol teams comprising of two soldiers and a police officer armed with machine guns patrol the terminals at random [6]. These measures came at a cost partly bourne by the travelling public in the form of a "passenger security service charge" imposed since 2002 [7], and currently levied at S$6 on all passengers in both main terminals and the Budget Terminal [8]. In 2005, it became the first airport outside the United States to win the "Excellence in Airport Security Award" [9].
Assisting the state organisations, are the security services provided by the ground handlers, namely that of the Singapore Airport Terminal Services's SATS Security Services, and Aetos Security Management, formed from a merger of the Changi International Airport Services's airport security unit and that of other companies to become a single island-wide auxiliary police company. These officers man check-in counters to screen luggage, control movements into restricted areas, and so forth.
Since 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to all luggage-screening processes to be conducted behind closed-doors. Plans are also in place to install over 400 cameras around the airport to monitor passenger activity around the clock and to check on suspicious parcels and activity. Tenders to incorporate such a system was called in late September 2005 [1]. Also due for construction is a second perimeter fence to prevent unauthorised intrusions to be completed by 2008. The Airport Police plans to introduce a biometric identification system for access into restricted areas [10].
In view of the heightened security alert at airports in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), security screening checks have been stepped up on passengers and their hand-carry luggage as well as checked-in luggage on flights bound for destinations in the UK and the US from Singapore Changi Airport [11].
[sửa] Các hãng hoạt động tại sân bay này
The following is a list of airlines that serve Singapore Changi Airport.
| Thống kê hoạt động | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Thống kê hoạt động | |||
| Lượng khách | |||
| 1998 | 23.803.180 | 2002 | 28.979.344 |
| 1999 | 26.064.645 | 2003 | 24.664.137 |
| 2000 | 28.618.200 | 2004 | 30.353.565 |
| 2001 | 28.093.759 | 2005 | 32.430.856 |
| Vận chuyển hàng hóa(tonnes) | |||
| 1998 | 1.283.660 | 2002 | 1.637.797 |
| 1999 | 1.500.393 | 2003 | 1.611.407 |
| 2000 | 1.682.489 | 2004 | 1.775.092 |
| 2001 | 1.507.062 | 2005 | 1.795.646 |
| Số lần cất hạ cánh | |||
| 1998 | 165.242 | 2002 | 174.820 |
| 1999 | 165.961 | 2003 | 154.346 |
| 2000 | 173.947 | 2004 | 184,932 |
| 2001 | 179,359 | 2005 | |
| Top destinations | |||
| By flight frequencies (weekly one-way) | |||
| 1 | Jakarta | 184 (2 October) | |
| 2 | Bangkok | 169 (2 October) | |
| 3 | Kuala Lumpur | 108 (2 October) | |
| 4 | Hong Kong | 101 (2 October) | |
| 5 | Tokyo | 63 (2 October) | |
[sửa] Nhà ga (Terminal) 1
- Adam Air (Jakarta)
- Air China (Beijing, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Xiamen)
- Air France (Paris-Charles de Gaulle)
- Air Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
- Air India (Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Mumbai)
- Air Mauritius (Kuala Lumpur, Mauritius)
- Air Niugini (Port Moresby)
- Air Sahara (Delhi)
- Air Seychelles (Mahé)
- Air Zimbabwe (Beijing, Harare)
- All Nippon Airways (Tokyo-Narita)
- Asiana Airlines (Seoul-Incheon)
- Bangkok Airways (Koh Samui)
- Biman Bangladesh Airlines (Bangkok, Dhaka)
- British Airways (London-Heathrow, Sydney)
- Cathay Pacific (Bangkok, Colombo, Hong Kong)
- China Airlines (Kaohsiung, Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan)
- China Eastern Airlines (Kunming, Shanghai-Pudong)
- China Southern Airlines (Guangzhou)
- Emirates (Auckland, Brisbane, Colombo, Dubai, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Melbourne)
- EVA Air (Taipei-Taoyuan)
- Finnair (Bangkok, Helsinki)
- Garuda Indonesia (Balikpapan, Bangkok, Beijing, Denpasar, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Makassar, Padang, Pekanbaru, Semarang, Shanghai-Pudong, Surabaya, Yogyakarta)
- Gulf Air (Bahrain, Sydney)
- Indian (Bangalore, Bangkok, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune)
- Japan Airlines (Kuala Lumpur, Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita)
- Jet Airways (Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi)
- Jetstar Asia Airways (Bangalore, Bangkok, Hong Kong, Manila, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Siem Reap, Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan, Yangon)
- KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (Amsterdam)
- Korean Air (Seoul-Incheon)
- Merpati Nusantara Airlines (Bandung)
- Northwest Airlines (Portland (OR), Tokyo-Narita)
- Lion Air (Jakarta)
- Pakistan International Airlines (Islamabad, Karachi, Kuala Lumpur)
- Republic Express Airlines (Jakarta, Makassar, Surabaya)
- Qantas (Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Denpasar/Bali, Frankfurt, London-Heathrow, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney)
- Qatar Airways (Cebu (ends Oct. 29, 2006), Doha)
- Royal Nepal Airlines (Kathmandu, Kuala Lumpur)
- Saudi Arabian Airlines (Jakarta, Jeddah, Riyadh)
- Shandong Airlines (Jinan, Shenzhen)
- Shanghai Airlines (Shanghai-Pudong)
- SriLankan Airlines (Colombo, Kuala Lumpur)
- Swiss International Air Lines (Bangkok, Zürich)
- Thai AirAsia (Bangkok)
- Thai Airways International (Bangkok)
- Transaero Airlines (Bangkok, Denpasar, Moscow-Domodedovo)
- Turkish Airlines (Istanbul-Atatürk)
- United Airlines (Chicago-O'Hare, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Tokyo-Narita)
- Valuair (Denpasar, Jakarta, Surabaya)
- Vietnam Airlines (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City)
- Xiamen Airlines (Fuzhou, Penang, Xiamen)
- Yangtze River Express (Nanning, Shanghai-Pudong)
[sửa] Terminal 2
- Austrian Airlines (Melbourne, Vienna) (to be suspended from March 2007 [12])
- Lufthansa (Frankfurt, Jakarta)
- Malaysia Airlines (Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Langkawi, Penang)
- Philippine Airlines (Jakarta, Manila)
- Royal Brunei Airlines (Bandar Seri Begawan)
- Singapore Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Adelaide, Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Amsterdam, Athens, Auckland, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangalore, Bangkok, Barcelona, Beijing, Brisbane, Cairo, Cape Town, Chennai, Christchurch, Colombo, Copenhagen, Denpasar, Delhi, Dhaka, Dubai, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Hyderabad, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jakarta, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Karachi, Kolkata, Kuala Lumpur, Lahore, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Malé, Manchester (UK), Manila, Melbourne, Milan-Malpensa, Moscow-Domodedovo, Mumbai, Nagoya, Nanjing, New York-JFK, Newark, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Penang, Perth, Rome-Fiumicino, San Francisco, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita, Vancouver, Zürich)
- Silkair (Balikpapan, Cebu, Chengdu, Chiang Mai, Chongqing, Danang, Davao, Kochi, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kunming, Langkawi, Lombok, Manado, Medan, Palembang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Shenzhen, Siem Reap, Solo, Surabaya, Thiruvanathapuram, Xiamen, Yangon)
[sửa] Budget Terminal
- Cebu Pacific (Cebu, Manila)
- Tiger Airways (Angeles City, Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Danang, Darwin, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Hat Yai, Haikou, Ho Chi Minh City, Kolkata, Krabi, Macau, Padang, Phuket, Shenzhen)
- Tiger Airways operated by South East Asian Airlines (Angeles City) (from February 2007)
[sửa] Terminal 3 (2008)
- Singapore Airlines (expected to move some of its operations from Terminal 2 to Terminal 3 in 2008)
[sửa] New Airlines in 2006-2007
- Air India Express (Flying together with sister airline Air India to Changi)
- Uzbekistan Airways (Cargo charter flights from Tashkent)
- Shenzhen Airlines (Charter flights from Shenzhen)
- Etihad Airways (Plans to launch flights from 2007)
- Hainan Airlines (Charter flights from Haikou)
- Lao Airlines (Charter flights from Vientiane)
- Shanghai Airlines Cargo (Flying cargo flights from Shanghai)
- South East Asian Airlines (Operated using Tiger Airways' planes to Angeles City, Philippines from February 2007)
[sửa] Former users
- Aeroflot (terminated flights due to poor loads)
- Air Macau
- Alitalia (codeshare with KLM from Amsterdam)
- Ansett Australia (due to bankruptcy and liquidation)
- Australian Airlines (from 1 July 2006)
- Air New Zealand (from 2 October 2006)
- Evergreen International Airlines (from 12 April 2000)
- EgyptAir
- First Cambodia Airlines (terminated on 25 February 2004 due to financial problems)
- Jat Airways (terminated flights in 1992 due to UN sanctions on Yugoslavia)
- Jatayu Airlines
- Kuwait Airways (consolidated all flights to Jakarta via Bangkok) now operating as a cargo airline to Singapore
- Lauda Air (taken over by fellow Austrian Airlines Group member Austrian Airlines)
- Mekong Airlines
- PT. Bouraq Indonesia Airlines (Terminated flights since March, continuing operations to Changi through codeshare with Silkair)
- Riau Airlines
- Swissair (ceased operations on 31 March 2002 and services restored by Swiss International Air Lines)
- Scandinavian Airlines System (terminated from 26 March 2006, serves Singapore with codeshare service with SWISS from Bangkok)
- Sempati Air (due to bankruptcy)
[sửa] Notes
- AWAir planned to commence flights from 19 January 2005, but was forced to abandon plans to fly to Singapore at the last minute due to administrative issues.
[sửa] Ground transportation
[sửa] Inter-terminal transportation
[sửa] Skytrain
Skytrain services are available at the Skytrain stations located at the departure halls of both airport terminals. The system has been revamped with a new fleet of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover Cars, replacing the previous Bombardier CX-100 Cars built in the early 1990s.
- Terminal 1 to/from Terminal 2 (Terminal 3 in 2008)
- Free
- 0600 to 0130 daily (24 hours in 2008)
[sửa] Shuttle bus
- Terminal 2 to/from Budget Terminal
- Free
- 24 hours daily
[sửa] Land transportation
[sửa] Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
The airport is connected to the Mass Rapid Transit network, with Changi Airport Station located underground between Terminal 2 & the future Terminal 3.
- CG2 Changi Airport Station to/from EW13 City Hall Station via a cross platform transfer at EW4 Tanah Merah Station
- S$1.40 on a standard ticket | S$1.39 on an adult EZ-Link card
- 0559 to 2318 daily
- 26 minutes excluding waiting & transfer times
[sửa] Xe Bus
Main article: Changi Airport PTB 1 & 2 Bus Terminal
Buses functioned as the main transport mode for cost-conscious travellers as well as local airport staff for a large part of its history until the opening of Changi Airport MRT Station, due to its relative affordability and reliability. Services operated by SBS Transit and SMRT Buses are accessible via a bus terminal located in the basement level of both terminals. All bus routes serve both terminals by first entering Terminal 1 before continuing to Terminal 2 and back to their points of origin.
| Service | Terminating/Looping at | Via | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| SBS Transit Trunk Services | |||
| 24 | Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange | Bedok, Eunos, Upper Paya Lebar Rd, Boundary Road | |
| 27 | Hougang Central Bus Interchange | Tampines, Sengkang | |
| 34 | Punggol Bus Interchange | ||
| 36 | Tomlinson Road (loop) | Marine Parade, Marina Centre | |
| 53 | Bishan Bus Interchange | ||
| SMRT Buses Trunk Services | |||
| 858 | Woodlands Regional Bus Interchange | Yishun | |
[sửa] Taxi
Taxi có thể đón cả Sảnh đi và Sảnh đến đi bất kỳ đâu trong Singapore
- Giá vé trên đồng hồ + S$5.00 phụ phí (Thứ 6-Chủ Nhật, 17h00 đến nửa đêm) cho mỗi chuyến rời sân bay
- Giá vé trên đồng hồ + S$3.00 phụ phí (các thời gia khác) cho mỗi chuyến rời sân bay
[sửa] Limousine taxi
Dịch vụ Limousine taxi lên hệ tại sảnh đến của cả 2 terminal đi bất kỳ đâu trong Singapore.
- S$35.00 + phụ phí (nếu có)
[sửa] Xe taxi ở sân bay (MaxiCab)
Xe MaxiCab 6 chỗ sử dụng 2 chiều có thể đến bất kỳ đâu trong Quận kinh doanh trung tâm và bất kỳ khách sạn nào ở Singapore, trừ các khách sạn ở Changi Village và đảo Sentosa. Đặt chỗ ở quầy tại Sảnh đến và trả cước bằng tiền mặt cho tài xế:
- S$7.00 - Người lớn
- S$5.00 - Trẻ em
- Xuất phát mỗi 30 phút từ 06h00 đến 18h00
- Xuất phát mỗi 30 phút từ 06h00 đến 1815 đến nửa đêm
- Xuất phát mỗi 30 phút từ 06h00 đến 00h30 đến 02h00
[sửa] Dịch vụ thuê xe
Dịch vụ thuê xe được cung cấp tại Terminal 2.
[sửa] Tham khảo
- ▲ Singapore to install more security cameras at Changi airport ABC Radio Australia, April 10, 2005
