Тенис

Из пројекта Википедија

Овај незавршени чланак Тенис, везан је за спорт. Користећи правила Википедије, допринесите допунивши га.

Тенис је спорт са рекетима који играју два играча (сингл) или два тима од по два играча (дубл). Играчи користе рекет за тенис да би пребацили лоптицу у противнички део терена преко мреже која се налази на средини терена. Почео је да се игра у Енглеској у 19. веку. Врло брзо је почео да се шири по земљама у којима се говори енглески језик, и то највише међу вишим сталежом. Тенис је данас Олимпијски спорт и играју га сви људи, независно од друштвеног статуса. Правила играња су иста још од 90-их година 19. века. Изузетак је увеђење тај-брејка (енг. tie-break = „прелом“ изједначења) 70-их година 20. века. Тенис је веома популаран спорт који прате милиони људи, а посебно четири Гренд слем турнра (Grand Slam Tournaments).

Садржај 1 Manner of play 1.1 Tерен 1.2 Врсте терена 1.3 Play of a single point 1.4 Scoring 1.5 Officials 1.6 Miscellaneous

[уреди] Manner of play

[уреди] Tерен

Тенис се игра на равној правоугаоној површини, најчешће на трави, шљаци или бетону. Терен је 23,77 m дугачак, 8,23 m широк када се игра сингл, а 10,97 m широк када се игра дубл. Додатни простор је потребан како би играчи могли да стигну „дуге лопте“. Мрежа је разапета целом ширином терена, постављена је паралелно са основном линијом и дели терен на два једнака дела. Мрежа је 1,07 m висока код стубића који је држе, а 914 mm висока на центру терена.

[уреди] Врсте терена

Постоје три главне врсте терена. Од материјала који се користи за површину терена зависи и брзина и одскок лоптице, што заузврат утиче на квалитет игре сваког играча. Три најчешће врсте терена су:

• Земљани терен,
• Травнати третен и
• Чврсти терен.

Неки играчи играју много боље на једној површини, а лошије на другој и по томе постају познати као „стручњаци за травнати терен“ или „стручњаци за земљани терен“.

Чврсти терени обухватају различите површине и могу бити бетонске, асфалтне, дрвене (какве се налазе у спортским халама) или прекривене вештачком травом.

Терени прекривени шљаком се сматрају „спорим“ теренима, јер на њима лоптица прво изгуби брзину приликом удара у терен, а затим одскочи релативно високо. Играчима је због тога теже да врате „неповратне“ ударце који се зову винери (winner). На овим теренима је лако проверити где је лоптица ударила (да ли је ударила линију или поред линије) јер оставља лако видљив траг од ударца.

Чврсти и травнати терени спадају у „брзе“ терене. На овим теренима лоптица приликом удара у терен губи мало брзине и не одскаче високо, тако да је размена удараца између играча кратка. Играчи који јако ударају и сервирају имају предност на овим теренима. Травнати терени уносе још једну варијаблу у игру. Одскок лоптице зависи од квалитета трава и од тога када је трава последњи пут подшишана.

На Гренд Слем турнирима се игра на различитим теренима: Отворено првенство Америке (U.S. Open) и Отворено првенство Аустралије (Australian Open) се играју на чврстим теренима, Отворено првенство Француске (French Open) се игра на земљаним теренима, а на Вимблдону (Wimbledon) се игра на трави.

[уреди] Play of a single point

The players (or teams) start on opposite sides of the net. One player is designated the server, and the opposing player, or in doubles one of the opposing players, is the receiver. Service alternates between the two halves of the court.

For each point, the server starts behind his baseline, between the center mark and the sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on his side of the net, usually behind the service box. When the receiver is ready, the server will serve.

In a legal service, the ball travels over the net (without touching it) and into the diagonally opposite service court. If the ball hits the net but lands in the service court, this is a let service, which is void and the server gets two more serves. If the first service is otherwise faulty in any way, wide, long or not over the net, the serving player has a second attempt at service. If the second service is also faulty, this is a double fault and the receiver wins the point.However if the serve is in then it is considered a legal service.

A legal service starts a rally, in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net. A legal return consists of the player or team hitting the ball exactly once before it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures. It then travels back over the net and bounces in the court on the opposite side. The first player or team to fail to make a legal return loses the point.

[уреди] Scoring

A tennis match usually comprises one to five sets. A set consists of a number of games, and games, in turn, consist of points.

Matches consist of an odd number of multiple sets, the match winner being the player who wins more than half of the sets. The match ends as soon as this winning condition is met. Some matches may consist of five sets (the winner being the first to win three sets), while most matches are three sets (the winner being the first to win two sets).

A set consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating between games, ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria. Typically, a player wins a set when he wins at least six games and at least two games more than his opponent. It has become common, however, to play a "twelve-point tiebreak" or "tiebreaker" when each player has won six games. A tiebreaker, played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and thus the set, to give a final set score of 7-6. (See Tennis score for a description of both tiebreak scoring and its history.)

A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving, and is won by the first player to have won at least four points and at least two points more than his opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner particular to tennis: scores of zero to three points are described as "love" or "zero", "fifteen", "thirty", and "forty" respectively. When at least three points have been scored by each side and the players have the same number of points, the score is "deuce". When at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent, the score of the game is "advantage" the winning player. During informal games, "advantage" can also be called "ad in" or "ad out", depending on whether the serving player or receiving player, respectively, is ahead. (See Tennis score for further explanation of how to score a game.)

A game point occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the game (the smallest unit of play) needs only one more point to win the game. The terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches (match point), and even championships (championship point). For example, if the player who is serving has a score of 40-love, he has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.).

A break point occurs if the receiver, not the server, has a game point. It is of importance in professional tennis, since service breaks happen less frequently with professional players. It may happen that the player who is in the lead in the game has more than one chance to score the winning point, even if his opponent should take the next point(s). For example, if the player who is serving has a score of 15-40, the receiver has a double break point. Should the player in the lead take any one of the next two points, he wins the game.

For two years before the Open Era, in 1955 and 1956, the United States Pro Championship in Cleveland, Ohio was played by the Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System (VASSS) rules, created by James Van Alen, who later invented the tie-breaker. The scoring was the same as that in table tennis, with sets played to 21 points and players alternating 5 services, with no second service. The rules were partially created in order to limit the effectiveness of the powerful service of the reigning professional champion, Pancho Gonzales. Even with the new rules, however, Gonzales beat Pancho Segura in the finals of both tournaments. Even though the 1955 match went to 5 sets, with Gonzales barely holding on to win the last one 21-19, apparently it took only 47 minutes to play.^[1] The fans attending the matches preferred the traditional rules, however, and in 1957 the tournament reverted to the old method of scoring.

[уреди] Officials

In serious play there is an officiating chair umpire (usually referred to as the umpire), who sits in a raised chair to one side of the court. The umpire has absolute authority to determine matters of fact. The chair umpire may be assisted by line umpires, who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults. There may also be a net umpire who determines whether the ball has touched the net during service. In some open-tournament matches, players are allowed to challenge a limited number of close calls by means of instant replay in order to have the call overturned.

Ball boys or girls (who are usually children) may be employed to retrieve balls, pass them to the players, and hand players their towels. They have no adjudicative role. The referee, who is usually located off the court, is the final authority on the rules.

In some leagues players will make their own calls based upon the honor code. This is the case for many high school and college level matches.

[уреди] Miscellaneous

A tennis match is intended to be continuous. Stamina is a relevant factor, so arbitrary delays are not permitted. In most cases, service is required to occur no more than 20 seconds after the end of the previous point. This is increased to 90 seconds when the players change ends (every two games), and a 120 second break is permitted between sets. Other than this, breaks are permitted only when forced by events beyond the players' control, such as rain, damaged footwear, or the need to chase an errant ball.

Balls wear out quickly in serious play, and therefore are changed after every nine games. The first such change occurs after only seven games, because the first set of balls is also used for the pre-match warm-up. Continuity of the balls' condition is considered part of the game, so if a re-warm-up is required after an extended break in play (usually due to rain) then the re-warm-up is done using a separate set of balls, and use of the match balls is resumed only when play resumes.

Wheelchair tennis can be played by able-bodied players as well as people who require a wheelchair for mobility. The use of legs or feet is then prohibited, and the player is required to remain seated in the wheelchair. There is an exception for those who are only able to propel themselves using a foot. In wheelchair tennis, in which the players move in wheelchairs instead of using legs, an extra bounce is permitted. This rule makes it possible to have mixed wheelchair and legs matches. It is possible for a doubles team to consist of a wheelchair user and a legs user, or for a wheelchair user to play against a legs user. In such cases, the extra bounce is permitted for the wheelchair users only.

Another, informal, tennis format is called "Canadian doubles" (also referred to as "American Doubles" in Australia, and "Australian Doubles" in Canada). This involves three players, with one person playing against a doubles team. For the single player, singles-court rules apply (such that the ball must be within the singles-court lines) but on the side of the doubles team, doubles-court rules apply (the alleys are considered in). The scoring is the same as a regular game. This format is not sanctioned by any official body and is only played when a fourth player is not available for normal doubles.

Lastly, there is a tennis formation called "Australian doubles" in which both players on the same team line up on the same side of the court, with one player at the net and one in the backcourt. The one in back will generally move to the vacant side of the court after the point begins, which forces the opposing player to hit the ball down the line. This formation also allows the player at the net to poach more easily.