Jacques Derrida
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Jacques Derrida (15. juli 1930—8. oktober 2004) var ein algeriskfødd fransk-jødisk litteraturkritikar og filosof som blir rekna som den første til å utvikle den dekonstruksjonistiske filosofien etter at denne idéen kom fram i verket til Martin Heidegger.
[endre] Plassering av tankesystemet åt Derrida
Derrida hadde vesentleg innflytnad på kontinental filosofi og på litteraturteori, særleg gjennom det livslange sambandet sitt med litteraturkritikaren Paul de Man — sjølv om bruken av dekonstruksjon i litteraturkritikk ikkje er universelt godteke som foreinleg med Derrida sitt verk.
Verket hans blir ofte sett i samband med poststrukturalisme og postmodernisme, men det sistnemnde sambandet er ikkje fullt ut stadfestande. Det er heller Jean-François Lyotard som utgjer det nærmaste sambandet mellom dekonstruksjon og postmodernisme og som føreslår filosofiske aspekt av postmodernismen — som Derrida bruka først og fremst i lange dialogar som ikkje er grunnlag for å vise noko enkelt hopehav mellom verka deira — sjå t.d. Derridas «Writing Proofs» og Lyotards «Translator’s Notes» i Pli, v. 6. Endatil «innanfor» dekonstruksjonen har personar som Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe karakterisert seg sjølve som modernistiske snarare enn postmodernistiske av legning.
[endre] Dekonstruksjon i følge Derrida
Derrida forklarte i «Letter to a Japanese Friend» (Derrida and Differance, red. Robert Bernasconi and David Wood) at ordet «déconstruction» var eit forsøk på å oversetje Heidegger sine termar «Destruktion» og «Abbau» ved hjelp av eit fransk ord. Dei ulike tydingane av omgrepa gjorde at han samtidig kunne nytte ordet til sine eige føremål og legge ei ny meining i dei.
Dekonstruksjon er tett knytt til den vestlege filosofiske tradisjonen. Likevel er omgrepet også relevant i høve til tilstøytande disiplinar, slik som lingvistikk og antropologi (kalla «menneskevitskapane» i Frankrike). Ei viktig side ved Derrida sitt arbeide var studiane av antropologien sitt filosofiske grunnlag. Han såg då både på dei konseptuelle og dei historiske sidene ved spørsmålet, og peika på korleis faget, medvite eller ikkje, kviler på filosofiske argument. Edmund Husserl, Sigmund Freud og Martin Heidegger var blant hans fremste inspirasjonskjelder.
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[endre] Derrida som fransk filosof
I tillegg til de Man og Lyotard, kan ein av samtidige tenkjarar nemne Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Emmanuel Levinas, Maurice Blanchot, Gilles Deleuze, Jean-Luc Nancy, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Sarah Kofman, Hélène Cixous, Bernard Stiegler og Geoffrey Bennington. Fleire av desse var òg personlege vener av Derrida, og faglege likesinna.
Derrida was active in organizing French philosophers against the so-called Haby reform proposed by the government of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, by helping to convene the Estates General of Philosophy and through his activities as a founder of the Philosophical Pedagogy Research Group (French acronym: GREPH). He was also a founder and the first president of the International College of Philosophy (French acronym: CIPH), a research institution intended to give a place to philosophical researches which could not be carried out elsewhere in the academy.
[endre] Life
Derrida grew up in El-Biar, Algeria, and did not leave there until moving to France in 1949 to advance his secondary education (he described himself as feeling on arrival "a little bit black, and a little bit Arab"). He was expelled from his lycée by Algerian administrators zealous to implement antisemitic quotas set by the Vichy government and then skipped school for a year rather than attend the Jewish lycée formed by displaced teachers and students. His family remained in France long after, moving to Nice only in 1962. At his request, Derrida served as a teacher of soldiers' children in lieu of military service in Algeria (for the French side in the Algerian War of Independence) from 1957–1959, teaching French and English.
Beginning in 1952, Derrida was a student at the elite École Normale Superieure (ENS), where he studied under Michel Foucault and Louis Althusser, among others. After studies at the Husserl Archive in Leuven, Belgium, completion of his philosophy agrégation, Derrida became a lecturer there. From 1960 to 1964, Derrida taught philosophy at the Sorbonne. From 1964 to 1984, he taught at the École Normale Superieure. Beginning with his 1966 lecture at Johns Hopkins University, at which he presented his essay "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences" (see below), he travelled widely and held a series of visiting and permanent positions, particularly in American universities. He successfully defended his Thése d'État (roughly, the equivalent of a doctorate) in 1980, subsequently published in English translation as "The Time of a Thesis: Punctuations". Until his death he was director of studies at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris. From 1986 on he was Professor of the Humanities at the University of California, Irvine, which has a major archive of his manuscripts. Derrida was awarded honorary doctorates by Cambridge University (see below), Columbia University, the New School for Social Research, University of Essex, University of Leuven, and Williams College. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received the 2001 Adorno-Preis. A film about him, made by Amy Ziering-Kofman and Kirby Dick with Derrida's participation, was released in 2002.
In 2003, Derrida was diagnosed with aggressive pancreatic cancer, which reduced his speaking and travelling engagements until his death in a Parisian hospital on the evening of Friday, October 8, 2004 (BBC story). An obituary in The New York Times titled Jacques Derrida, Abstruse Theorist, Dies at 74 has drawn a letter of objection, signed online by several thousand persons. Some of the article's alleged defects are recounted here.
[endre] Politics
Derrida was not known to have participated in any conventional electoral political party until 1995, when he joined a committee in support of Lionel Jospin's (by then the stepfather of Daniel, his son with Sylviane Agacinski) Socialist candidacy, although he expressed misgivings about such organizations going back to Communist organizational efforts while he was a student at ENS. In the last presidential election he refused to vote in the run-off between Jean-Marie Le Pen and Jacques Chirac, citing a lack of acceptable choices. He was initially supportive of Parisian student protesters in May 1968 but later withdrew. He registered his objections to the Vietnam War in delivering "The Ends of Man" in the United States. In 1981 he was arrested by the Czechoslovakian government on leaving a conference in Prague that lacked government authorization, falsely charged with the "production and trafficking of drugs" he claimed were planted as he visited Kafka's grave. He was released (or "expelled" as the Czechoslovakian government put it) after the interventions of the Mitterrand government, returning to Paris on 2 January 1982. He was active in cultural activities against the Apartheid government of South Africa and on behalf of Nelson Mandela beginning in 1983. He met with Palestinian intellectuals during a 1988 visit to Jerusalem. He was active in the collective "89 for equality", which campaigned for the right of immigrants to vote in local elections. He protested the death penalty, dedicating his seminar in his last years to the production of a non-utilitarian argument for its abolition, and was active in the campaign to free Mumia Abu-Jamal. While supportive of the American government in the wake of 9/11, he opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
[endre] Verk
Derrida's earliest work was in phenomenology. His earliest academic manuscript for a degree was a work on Edmund Husserl and "genesis", submitted in 1954 and much later published as The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Phenomenology. In 1962 he published a translation of Husserl's Foundations of Geometry, for which he wrote a lengthy introduction entitled "The Origin of Geometry". At Johns Hopkins University in 1966, he met and subsequently befriended Paul de Man. Derrida's presentation at a Johns Hopkins conference on The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man (the "human sciences" being a broad grouping of French academic studies including linguistics, anthropology, and psychoanalysis). The conference was billed as a consideration of structuralism, then at the peak of its influence in France but only then becoming familiar to academic audiences in the United States, particularly departments of French and Comparative Literature, where faculty were least dependent on the lengthy process of translating monographs. It drew considerable French participation, including Jean Hyppolite, Roland Barthes, and Jacques Lacan, the latter of whom Derrida met for the first time. Derrida was rather unique among invitees in that he never had orthodox commitments to structuralism and had offered papers critical of structuralist scholarship as early as 1963. Derrida's lecture "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences" was also written with words of praise for structuralist accomplishment and reservations about its internal limitations. This contributed to a sense that the labours of structuralism had moved on to a point where structuralism wasn't itself anymore, supporting subsequent declaration that many of the same people who had contributed to structuralism were now rather producing "post-structuralism" (although that term has much more a term of reception than structuralism) — by the time the conference proceedings were published in 1970, the title of the collection became The Structuralist Controversy.
Labels aside, Derrida's work consistently demonstrated an interest in all the disciplines under discussion at the Baltimore conference, as was evidenced by the subject matter of the three collections of work published in 1967, Of Grammatology, Writing and Difference, and Speech and Phenomena, which contained essay-length studies of philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ferdinand de Saussure, Husserl, Levinas, Heidegger, Hegel, Foucault, Georges Bataille and Descartes, anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, Sigmund Freud, and writers such as Edmond Jabes and Antonin Artaud. The next five years of lectures and essay-length work were gathered into two 1972 collections, Dissemination and Margins of Philosophy, at which time a collection of interviews titled Positions was also released. Thereafter and continuing until his illness Derrida produced on average more than a book per year. He was said to have released more work in 2003 than in any other year. He was so prolific that there is no current bibliography of his work that might be firmly described as complete.
Apart from his interest in disciplines bordering philosophy, Derrida frequently commented on another set of borders mostly avoided by philosophy in the past century : nations, "national traditions", and national languages. Derrida noted in the "Ends of Man" that his ability to remark freely on the Vietnam War was a prerequisite to his attendance at American colloquia -- an exception underscoring the national rule. Not out of diplomatic concerns about offending the American "delegation", but because the democratic form (Derrida's emphasis and choice of words) of the event assumed an instability of these national identities, or rather non-identities, and it is with those Americans opposed to the war that Derrida wanted to state his solidarity, to assert that these so-called identities, frequently assumed, do not exist in fact. (The events of April and May 1968: commencement of the Paris peace talks, the 1968 American election, the assassination of Martin Luther King, and the later events of May 1968, particularly in Paris, led Derrida to mark off "democratic form", a certain obtuseness of governments to these phenomena.)
Derrida also discerned in the exceptional internationalism of the Hopkins conference (perceived as an exposition of French goods to new academic markets) "less a fact than a project" ("Ends of Man", p. 112) and took it up as such. His seminar was devoted to the subject of philosophical nationalism from 1984 to 1988. -->
[endre] Tekstar tilgjengelege på Internett
[endre] Essay og utdrag
- Excerpt from "Of Grammatology"
- Excerpt from "Archive Fever"
- "Speech and writing according to Hegel"
- Excerpt from "Spectres of Marx"
- Excerpt from "Différance"
- "Letter to a Japanese Friend"
- "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences"
- Excerpt from "Signature, Event, Context"
[endre] Intervju
- "Excuse me, but I never said exactly so"
- Interview, in French, with Robert Maggiori
- Interview with Nikhil Padgaonkar on Love
[endre] Bibliografi
The most complete bibliography available online can be found at this site. The compilation, copyrighted by Peter Krapp, is still in progress, but all major works are listed, sorted by title or by year of publication.
[endre] Utvalde verk av Derrida
(sjå Jacques Derrida-bibliografi)
- "Letter to a Japanese Friend," in Derrida and Differance, (ISBN 0810107864) eds. Robert Bernasconi and David Wood, 1988*
- "Nietzsche and the Machine," w/ Richard Beardsworth, in Negotiations, (ISBN 0804738920) ed. Elizabeth Rottenberg, 2002*
- "Autoimmunity: Real and Symbolic Suicides", w/ Giovanna Borradori, in Philosophy in a Time of Terror, (ISBN 0226066649) ed. Giovanna Borradori 2003
[endre] Verk om Derrida
- "Spirit's Spirit Spirits Spirit," Geoffrey Bennington, in Legislations (ISBN 0860916685)*
- "The Differends of Man", Avital Ronnell, in Finitude's Score (ISBN 0803239114)*
- Interrupting Derrida, (ISBN 0415224276) Geoffrey Bennington
- Later Derrida, (ISBN 0415942691) Herman Rapaport
- Derrida and the Political, (ISBN 0415109671) Richard Beardsworth
- Jacques Derrida and the Humanities: a Critical Reader, (ISBN 0521625653) ed. Tom Cohen
*referenced above
[endre] Verk av andre som det blir vist til ovanfor
- Heidegger, Martin: Being and Time
- «Only a God Can Save Us» (Der Spiegel interview), in Philosophical and Political Writings, Martin Heidegger, ed. Manfred Stassen
[endre] Sjå òg
- Dekonstruksjonisme
- Filmen Derrida
- Logosentrisme
- Poststrukturalisme
[endre] Kjelder
[endre] Eksterne lenkjer
- Différance, Excerpt of the famous speech by Jacques Derrida
- Jacques Derrida, Stanford Presidential Lectures in the Humanities and Arts
- Derrida: Online
- Jacques Derrida, Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory
- Jacques Derrida as a Philosopher of Education, Encyclopaedia of Philosophy of Education
- Jacques Derrida on Rhetoric and Composition: A Conversation, JAC
- 9/11 and Global Terrorism: A Dialogue with Jacques Derrida, excerpt from Philosophy in a Time of Terror — Dialogues with Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida by Giovanna Borradori
- Derrida, Death, and Forgiveness, First Things, Journal of Religion and Public Life
- Deconstructing Jacques Derrida, Los Angeles Times Magazine
- Jacques Derrida and Deconstruction, The New York Times Magazine
- Jacques Derrida Interview on Love
- Geoffrey Bennington: Politics and Friendship — A Discussion with Jacques Derrida
- For a justice to come: An interview with Jacques Derrida
- Adorno Prize page
- Décès du philosophe Jacques Derrida — Le Monde newspaper
- An article on Derrida and Heidegger at www.fluidimagination.com
- Controversial Even After Death: Scholars sign a letter of protest over Derrida's New York Times obituary
- To breathe is not to struggle — An essay in defense of Derrida at Much2Much
