阿波罗登月舱

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-{T|zh-cn:阿波罗登月舱;zh-hk:太阳神登月舱;zh-tw:阿波羅登月小艇}-

阿波罗登月舱
已经登月的阿波罗登月舱
描述
任务：	登月
乘员：	2; CDR, LM pilot
尺寸
高：	20.9英尺	6.37米
直径：	14英尺	4.27米
Landing gear span:	29.75英尺	9.07米
体积：	235英尺3	6.65米3
质量
起飞部分：	10,024磅	4,547千克
降落部分：	22,375磅	10,149千克
总重：	32,399磅	14,696千克
Rocket engines
LM RCS (N2O4/UDMH) x 16:	100 lbf ea	441 N
Ascent Propulsion System (N2O4/Aerozine 50) x 1:	3,500 lbf ea	15.6 kN
Descent Propulsion System (N2O4/Aerozine 50) x 1:	9,982 lbf ea	44.40 kN
Performance
持续工作时间	3天	72小时
远月点：	100英里	160公里
近月点：	月球表面	月球表面
Spacecraft delta v:	15,390 ft/s	4,690 m/s
阿波罗登月舱结构图(NASA)

-{A|zh-cn:阿波罗;zh-hk:太阳神;zh-tw:阿波羅}--{A|zh-cn:登月舱;zh-tw:登月小艇}-（Apollo Lunar Module）是阿波罗宇宙飞船登月直接登月的部分，由美国的阿波罗计划为达到登月并成功返回而建。登月舱又被其制造商称作“LM”(Lunar Module)，也叫做“LEM”(Lunar Excursion Module)。

登月舱的设计目标是在6.65米³的空间内容纳两名宇航员。登月舱共6.4米高，4.3米宽，有四个支撑脚。登月舱由起飞部分和降落部分组成；登月舱的总质量，以降落部分(10,334千克)为主，达15,264千克。

目录 1 历史 2 登月舱规格 3 生产的登月舱 4 LM Truck 5 In fiction 6 Successors 7 外部链接 8 参考文献

[编辑] 历史

阿波罗登月舱came into being because NASA chose to reach the moon via a lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) instead of a direct ascent or Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) (see Choosing a mission mode for more information on the available rendezvous types). Both a direct ascent and an EOR would have involved the entire Apollo spacecraft landing on the moon; once the decision had been made to proceed using LOR, it became necessary to produce a separate craft capable of reaching the lunar surface.

登月舱的生产合同由格鲁曼飞机工程公司获得，还有一些转包商。格鲁曼公司从50年代末就开始研究空间对接，并在1962年重新开始此项研究。In July 1962 eleven firms were invited to submit proposals for the LM. Nine did so in September, and Grumman was awarded the contract that same month. The contract cost was expected to be around $350 million. There were initially four major subcontractors - Bell Aerosystems (ascent engine), Hamilton Standard (environmental control systems), Marquardt (reaction control system) and Rocketdyne (descent engine).

The primary guidance, navigation and control system (PGNCS) on the LM was developed by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. The Apollo Guidance Computer was manufactured by Raytheon. A similar guidance system was used in the Command Module. A backup navigation tool, the Abort Guidance System (AGS), was developed by TRW.

To learn lunar landing techniques, astronauts practiced in the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), a flying vehicle that simulated the Lunar Module on earth. A 200'-tall, 400'-long gantry structure was constructed at NASA Langley Research Center; the LLRV was suspended in this structure from a crane, and "piloted" by moving the crane. (The facility is now known as the Impact Dynamics Research Facility, and is used for aircraft crash tests.)

Configuration freeze did not start until April 1963 when the ascent and descent engine design was decided. In addition to Rocketdyne a parallel program for the descent engine was ordered from Space Technology Laboratories in July 1963, and by January 1965 the Rocketdyne contract was cancelled. As the program continued there were numerous redesigns to save weight (including 'Operation Scrape'), improve safety, and fix problems. For example initially the module was to be powered by fuel cells, built by Pratt and Whitney but in March 1965 they were paid off in favor of an all battery design.

The initial design iteration had the LEM with three landing legs. It was felt that three legs, though the lightest configuration, was the least stable if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration was too heavy and the compromise was four landing legs.

The first LM flight was on January 22, 1968 when the unmanned LM-1 was launched on a Saturn IB for testing of propulsion systems in orbit. The next LM flight was aboard Apollo 9 using LM-3 on March 3, 1969 as a manned flight (McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart) to test a number of systems in Earth orbit including LM and CSM crew transit, LM propulsion, separation and docking. Apollo 10, which launched on May 18, 1969, was another series of tests, this time in lunar orbit with the LM separating and descending to within 10 km of the surface. From the successful tests the LM successfully descended and ascended from the lunar surface with Apollo 11.

In April 1970, the lunar module Aquarius played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts of the Apollo 13 mission (Commander James A. Lovell Jr., CSM pilot John L. Swigert Jr., and LM pilot Fred W. Haise Jr.), after an electrical short circuit caused an oxygen tank in that mission's service module to overheat and explode. Aquarius served as a refuge for the astronauts during their return to Earth orbit, while its batteries were used to recharge the vital re-entry batteries of the command module that brought the astronauts through the Earth's atmosphere and to a safe spashdown on April 17, 1970. The LM's descent engine, designed to slow the vehicle during its descent to the moon, was used to accelerate the Apollo 13 spacecraft around the moon and back to Earth. After the accident, the LM's systems, designed to support two astronauts for 45 hours, actually supported three astronauts for 90 hours.

[编辑] 登月舱规格

登月舱中的降落部分包括了登月装备、雷达天线、降落火箭引擎、以及降落所需的燃料。It also had several cargo compartments used to carry among other things, the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Packages ALSEP, Mobile Equipment Cart (a hand pulled equipment cart—Apollo 14), the Lunar Rover (moon car)—Apollo 15, 16 and 17), surface television camera, surface tools and lunar sample collection boxes. Also, on the ladder of the descent stage is attached a plaque.

起飞部分包括舱盖、反应控制系统、雷达和通信天线、起飞火箭引擎以及回到月球轨道并与指令/服务舱对接所需的燃料。

• 规格：(Baseline LM)
  • 起飞部分：
    • 乘员: 2人
    • Crew cabin volume: 6.65 m³ (235 ft³)
    • 高：3.76米
    • 直径：4.2米
    • Mass including fuel: 4,670千克
    • Atmosphere: 100% oxygen at 250 mmHg (33 kPa)
    • Water: two 19.3 kg (42.5 lb) storage tanks
    • Coolant: 11.3 kg (25 lb) of ethylene glycol/water solution
    • RCS (Reaction Control System) Propellant mass: 287 kg (633 lb)
    • RCS thrusters: 16 x 445 N; four quads
    • RCS propellants: N2O4/UDMH
    • RCS specific impulse: 2.84 kN·s/kg
    • APS Propellant mass: 2,353 kg (5,187 lb)
    • APS thrust: 15.6 kN (3,500 lbf)
    • APS propellants: N₂O₄/Aerozine 50 (UDMH/N2H4)
    • APS pressurant: 2 x 2.9 kg helium tanks at 21 MPa
    • Engine specific impulse: 3.05 kN·s/kg
    • Thrust-to-weight ratio: 0.34 lbf/lb (3.3 N/kg)
    • Ascent stage delta V: 2,220 m/s (7,280 ft/s)
    • Batteries: 2 x 296 A·h silver-zinc batteries
    • Power: 28 V DC, 115 V 400 Hz AC

Thus the thrust was less than the weight on Earth, but enough on the Moon.

• • 降落部分：
    • 高：3.2米
    • 直径：4.2米
    • Landing gear diameter: 9.4 m (30.8 ft)
    • Mass including fuel: 10,334 kg (22,783 lb)
    • Water: 1 x 151 kg storage tank
    • Power: 2 x 296 A·h silver-zinc batteries (secondary system)
    • Propellants mass: 8,165 kg (18,000 lb)
    • DPS thrust: 45.04 kN (10,125 lbf), throttleable to 4.56 kN (1025 lbf)
    • DPS propellants: N₂O₄/Aerozine 50 (UDMH/N₂H₄)
    • DPS pressurant: 1 x 22 kg supercritical helium tank at 10.72 kPa.
    • Engine specific impulse: 3050 N·s/kg
    • Descent stage delta V: 2,470 m/s (8,100 ft/s)
    • Batteries: 4 x 400 A·h silver-zinc batteries

[编辑] 生产的登月舱

呼号	使用	发射日期	目前位置
LM-1	阿波罗5号	1968年1月22日	返回地球大气层
LM-2	Not flown		On display at the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC. (照片).
LM-3 蜘蛛	阿波罗9号	1969年3月3日	返回地球大气层
LM-4 史努比	阿波罗10号	1969年5月18日	Descent stage impacted Moon; Ascent stage in solar orbit
LM-5 鹰	阿波罗11号	1969年7月16日	Descent stage on lunar surface; Ascent stage left in lunar orbit, eventually crashed on moon
LM-6 无畏	阿波罗12号	1969年11月14日	Descent stage on lunar surface; Ascent stage deliberately crashed into moon
LM-7 水瓶座	阿波罗13号	1970年4月11日	返回地球大气层 over Fiji
LM-8 心大星	阿波罗14号	1971年1月31日	Descent stage on lunar surface; Ascent stage deliberately crashed into moon
LM-9	Not flown		On display at the Kennedy Space Center (Apollo/Saturn V Center)
LM-10 猎鹰	阿波罗15号	1971年7月26日	Descent stage on lunar surface; Ascent stage deliberately crashed into moon
LM-11 猎户座	阿波罗16号	1972年4月16日	Descent stage on lunar surface; Ascent stage deliberately crashed into moon
LM-12 挑战者	阿波罗17号	1972年12月7日	Descent stage on lunar surface; Ascent stage deliberately crashed into moon
LM-13	Not flown (meant for later Apollo flights)		Partially completed by Grumman; restored and on display at Cradle of Aviation, Long Island, New York
LM-14	Not flown (meant for later Apollo flights)		Never completed; unconfirmed reports claim that some parts (in addition to parts from LTA-3) are included in LM on display at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia
LM-15	Not flown (meant for later Apollo flights)		Scrapped

[编辑] LM Truck

The Apollo LM Truck was a stand-alone LM descent stage intended to deliver up to five metric tons of payload to the Moon for an unmanned landing. This technique was intended to deliver equipment and supplies to a permanent manned lunar base that was never built. As originally proposed, it would be launched on a Saturn V with a full Apollo crew to accompany it to lunar orbit and then guide it to a landing next to the base; the base crew would then unload the "truck" while the orbiting crew returned to earth.

[编辑] In fiction

The LM and LM Truck, using a modified mission profile, appear in Shane Johnson's novel Ice, about a fictional Apollo 19 mission that takes a disastrous turn. In this scenario, the LM Truck is delivered on a Saturn IB and makes a preprogrammed landing at the proposed landing site; a J-mission Apollo crew then lands a conventional LM next to it, in a feat of precision landing recalling that of Pete Conrad during Apollo 12. Also in this novel, the LM, which happens to be LM-13, fails to fire its ascent engine, stranding two astronauts on the Moon--something that never happened in Project Apollo.

[编辑] Successors

The LM design was later incorporated into the Apollo Telescope Mount on the successful Skylab space station. Originally planned to be launched on an unmanned Saturn 1B rocket, similar to the unmanned Apollo 5 test flight, NASA decided to save costs and launch the ATM with the station itself. This decision saved the station, as the ATM's "windmill" solar panels helped keep the station operation after its surviving solar panel on the station was damaged during launch (the other was ripped off).

In 2005, NASA announced that the successor to the Space Shuttle, the Crew Exploration Vehicle, would feature, for its lunar landing missions, a Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) which is roughly based on the Apollo LM. Like the LM, it has a descent and ascent module (the latter to house the crew), but unlike the LM, it would be powered by liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LO2) for the landing phase, and by liquid methane (LCH4) and LOX for the ascension phase. The major difference between the LSAM and the LM is that the LSAM would be launched separately into a Low Earth Orbit atop of the Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle's Heavy Lift booster, with the manned CEV being launched separately atop of the Crew Launch Vehicle. Both vehicles would dock into Low Earth Orbit similar to the Earth Orbit Rendezvous plan in Apollo's early stages.

[编辑] 外部链接

• Nasa catalogue: Apollo 14 Lunar Module
• Space/Craft Assembly & Test Remembered – A site "dedicated to the men and women that designed, built and tested the Lunar Module at Grumman Aerospace Corporation, Bethpage, New York"
• Apollo 11 LM Structures handout for LM-5 (PDF) – Training document given to astronauts which illustrates all discrete LM structures
• Apollo 15 LM Activation Checklist for LM-10 – Checklist detailing how to prepare the LM for activation and flight during a mission
• Apollo LM Truck on Mark Wade's Encyclopedia Astronautica – Description of adapted LM descent stage for the unmanned transport of cargo to a permanent lunar base.

[编辑] 参考文献

• Kelly, Thomas J. (2001). Moon Lander: How We Developed the Apollo Lunar Module (Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series). Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 156098998X.
• Baker, David (1981). The History of Manned Space Flight. Crown Publishers. ISBN 051754377X
• Brooks, Courtney J., Grimwood, James M. and Swenson, Loyd S. Jr (1979) Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft NASA SP-4205.
• Sullivan, Scott P. (2004) Virtual LM: A Pictorial Essay of the Engineering and Construction of the Apollo Lunar Module. Apogee Books. ISBN 1894959140
• Stoff, Joshua. (2004) Building Moonships: The Grumman Lunar Module. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0738535869