Federal Reserve System
De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă
Headquarters | Washington, DC, USA |
Central Bank of | United States |
Currency |
US dollar |
-ISO 4217 Code | USD |
Base borrowing rate | 5.25% |
Base deposit rate | 5.25% |
Printer(s) | Bureau of Engraving and Printing |
Mint(s) | US Mint |
Website |
The Federal Reserve System, sau Federal Reserve, adesea The Fed, comun The Feds, în română, Sistemul federal de rezervă [monetară], este banca centrală naţională şi sistemul naţional aferent al acesteia al Statelor Unite ale Americii.
Federal Reserve System este un sistem bancar semi-guvernamental alcătuit din:
- (1) un consiliu de guvernatori (în engleză, Board of Governors) numiţi prin hotărâre prezidenţială, care au sediul în Washington, D.C.;
- (2) un comitet federal al pieţii libere (în engleză, [the] Federal Open Market Committee;
- (3) douăsprezece bănci regionale, numite regional Federal Reserve Banks localizate în diferite oraşe mari de-a lungul naţiunii, toate societăţi pe acţiuni; şi
- (4) numeroase bănci private, care posedă părţii variabile din valoarea totală a acţiunilor celor 12 bănci regionale ale sistemului ([the] regional Federal Reserve Banks).
Ben Bernanke este actualul Preşedinte al Sistemului de rezervă monetară, în engleză, Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
Este demn de remarcat că, spre deosebire de multe ţări ale lumii în care băncile centrale sunt proprietatea exclusivă a statului respectiv, în Statele Unite ale Americii, Federal Reserve System este deţinut de entităţi private.
Cuprins |
[modifică] Băncile Sistemului (The Federal Reserve Banks)
Băncile Sistemului federal de rezervă constituie simultan şi băncile responsabile de emiterea şi controlul monezii americane (dolarul american) într-o anumită zonă de jurisdicţie a naţiunii numită Federal Reserve District. Numărul de districte federale de rezervă monetară (în engleză, [The] Federal Reserve Districts) coincid cu numărul de bănci regionale, 12.
The Federal Reserve Districts se găsesc mai jos, fiind listate împreună cu numărul şi litera lor de identificare, care sunt folosite pentru identificarea bancnotelor SUA (denumite oficial Federal Reserve Notes), pentru identificarea unică a băncii emitente şi a seriei sau a "şarjei" emise de aceasta.
- Federal Reserve Bank of Boston A 1 [1]
- Federal Reserve Bank of New York B 2 [2]
- Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia C 3 [3]
- Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland D 4 [4]
- Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond E 5 [5]
- Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta F 6 [6]
- Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago G 7 [7]
- Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis H 8 [8]
- Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis I 9 [9]
- Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City J 10 [10]
- Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas K 11 [11]
- Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco L 12 [12]
[modifică] Poziţia legală şi poziţia în guvern
Componentele diferite ale Federal Reserve System au diferite statute legale.
Astfel, [The] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System este o agenţie guvernamemntală independentă. Acest Consiliu de guvernatori sunt responsabili în faţa unor legi aşa cum sunt Freedom of Information Act şi Privacy Act, care se referă la agenţii guvernamentale şi nu la entităţi particulare. Like most other independent agencies, its decisions do not have to be ratified by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government. The Board of Governors does not receive funding from Congress, and the terms of the members of the Board span multiple presidential and congressional terms. Once a member of the Board of Governors is appointed by the president, he or she is relatively independent (although the law provides for the possibility of removal by the President "for cause" under Format:Usc).
The Federal Reserve Banks are nominally "owned" by the private member banks (see below). In Lewis v. United States, 680 F.2d 1239 (9th Cir. 1982), the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that "the Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA [the Federal Tort Claims Act], but are independent, privately owned and locally controlled corporations." The opinion also stated that "the Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes." [13]
The member banks are generally privately-owned corporations. The stocks of many of the member banks are publicly traded.
The Federal Reserve System was created via the Federal Reserve Act of December 23rd, 1913. All national banks were required to join the system and other banks could join. The Reserve Banks opened for business on November 16th, 1914. Federal Reserve Notes were created as part of the legislation, to provide an elastic supply of currency. The notes were to be issued to the Reserve Banks for subsequent transmittal to banking institutions.
[modifică] Alte instituţii bancare centrale
- Bank of International Settlements
- International Monetary Fund
- Reserve Bank of Australia
- Bank of Canada
- Bank of England
- European Central Bank
- Deutsche Bundesbank
- Bank of Japan
- State Bank of Pakistan
- Reserve Bank of India
- People's Bank of China
[modifică] Vezi şi
- Cash-out
- Core inflation
- Discount window
- Economic reports
- European Central Bank
- Federal Funds
- Fort Knox Bullion Depository
- Free banking
- Gold standard
- Government debt
- Inflation
- Money market
- Money supply
- NESARA (National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act) - Proposed legislation to reform the Federal Reserve System
- Repurchase agreement
- United States dollar
[modifică] Legături externe (toate în limba engleză)
- Official Federal Reserve web site
- The Federal Reserve System in Brief
- Money, Banking and the Federal Reserve
- How "The Fed" Works @ HowStuffWorks.com
- Ownership of Federal Reserve
United States currency and coinage |
Topics: Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve Note | US dollar | US Mint |
Currency: $1 | $2 | $5 | $10 | $20 | $50 | $100 | Larger denominations |
Coinage: Cent | Nickel | Dime | Quarter | Half Dollar | Dollar |
See also: Commemoratives | Confederate dollar | Fake denominations |