Bahasa Itali
From Wikipedia
| Bahasa Itali Italiano |
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|---|---|---|
| Dituturkan di: | Itali, Malta, Argentina, Uruguay, Somalia, Brazil, Libya, Habsyah, dan berbagai negara lain di Eropah dan Amerikas | |
| Bil. penutur: | 60-65 juta | |
| Kedudukan: | 19–20 asli (dalam ikat rapat dengan Turki dan Urdu) | |
| Keluarga bahasa: | Indo-Eropah Italik Romance Italo-Barat Italo-Dalmatian Bahasa Itali |
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| Status rasmi | ||
| Bahasa rasmi: | Itali, Kesatuan Eropah, Switzerland, San Marino, Slovenia, Demokratik Republik Somali (bahasa kawasan), Kota Vatican, mukin Istria dari Croatia | |
| Dikawal oleh: | Accademia della Crusca | |
| Kod bahasa | ||
| ISO 639-1: | it | |
| ISO 639-2: | ita | |
| ISO/FDIS 639-3: | ita — [[]] | |
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| Nota: Halaman ini mungkin mengandungi simbol-simbol fonetik IPA dalam Unikod. Sila lihat carta IPA untuk nada sebutan berdasarkan bahasa Inggeris. | ||
Bahasa Itali (atau lingua italiana) adalah bahasa Romance yang dituturkan oleh 70 juta orang, utamanya di Itali. Piawai Itali kuat dipengaruhi oleh dialek Tuscan dan adalah sedikit banyak sederhana antara bahasa Italo-Dalmatian dariSelatan dan bahasa Gallo-Itali dari North. Seperti banyak bahasa yang ditulis menggunakan huruf Latin, Itali mempunyai konsonan duaan. Bagaimanapun, bertentangan kepada, contohnya, Perancis dan Sepanyol, konsonan duaan adalah disebut sebagai panjang (dinunaskan) dalam Itali. Seperti dalam kebanyakan bahasa Romance (dengan pengecualian ternama dari Perancis), stres adalah berbeza. Diluar bahasa Romance, Itali umumnya dianggap menjadi salah satu paling rapat bermirip Latin dari segi kosa kata, melalui Romania paling rapat memelihara sistem deklensi dari Latin Klasikal sementara Sardinia adalah paling konservatif dari segi fonologi.
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[Sunting] History
The history of the Italian language is quite complex but the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. The earliest surviving texts which can definitely be called Italian (as opposed to its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae from the region of Benevento dating from 960-963[1]. Italian was first formalised in the first years of the 14th century through the works of Dante Alighieri, who mixed southern Italian languages, especially Sicilian, with his native Tuscan in his epic poems known collectively as the Commedia, to which Giovanni Boccaccio later affixed the title Divina. Dante's much-loved works were read throughout Italy and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that others could all understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language.
Italian has always had a distinctive dialect for each city, since the cities were up until recently city-states. A well-known Italian dictum has it that the best spoken Italian is lingua toscana in bocca romana - "the Tuscan tongue in a Roman mouth" (Tuscan dialects spoken with Roman accent). The Romans are known for speaking clearly and distinctly, while the Tuscan dialect is the closest existing dialect to Dante's now-standard Italian.
In contrast to the dialects of northern Italy, the older southern Italian dialects were largely untouched by the Franco-Occitan influences introduced to Italy, mainly by bards from France, during the Middle Ages. (See La Spezia-Rimini Line.) The economic might and relative advanced development of Tuscany at the time (late Middle Ages), gave its dialect weight, though Venetian remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life. Also, the increasing cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of 'Umanesimo' and Rinascimento (Renaissance) made its volgare (dialect), or rather a refined version of it a standard in the arts.
The re-discovery of Dante's De Vulgari Eloquentia and a renowned interest in linguistics in the 16th century sparked a debate which raged throughout Italy concerning which criteria should be chosen to establish a modern Italian standard to be used as much a literary as a spoken language. Scholars were divided in three factions: the purists, headed by Pietro Bembo who in his Asolani claimed that the language might only be based on the great literary classics (notably Dante, Petrarca, and Boccaccio), Niccolò Machiavelli and other Florentines who preferred the version spoken by ordinary people in their own times, and the Courtisans like Baldassarre Castiglione and Gian Giorgio Trissino who insisted that each local vernacular must contribute to the new standard. Eventually Bembo's ideas prevailed, the result being the publication of the first Italian dictionary in 1612 and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca.
