Table of Chinese monarchs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Below is a table of Chinese monarchs.
From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title King (Chinese: 王 Wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 Huángdì). This title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's Imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912.
Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
[edit] 3 Sovereigns & 5 Emperors Period 三皇五帝
| Posthumous Name |
Personal Name |
Years of Reign |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuxi | Fuxi | mid 2800s BC | |
| Yan Di | Shennong | around 2737 BC | |
| Huang Di | Gongsun or |
2699 BC-2588 BC | |
| Zhuanxu | Gaoyang | 2490BC-2413BC | |
| Ku | 2412BC-2343BC | ||
| Tang Yao or |
2333BC-2234BC |
|
|
| Shun | Youyu-shi | 2233BC-2184BC |
[edit] Xia Dynasty 夏朝
| Reign name² | Notes | Name by which most commonly known | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yǔ | 禹 | Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 | Yu |
| Qǐ | 啟 | Son of Yǔ: beginning of hereditary succession | Qi |
| Tài Kāng | 太康 | Tai Kang | |
| Zhòng Kāng | 仲康 | Zhong Kang | |
| Xiāng | 相 | Xiang | |
| Shào Kāng | 少康 | Shao Kang | |
| Zhù | 杼 | Zhu | |
| Huái | 槐 | Huai | |
| Máng | 芒 | Mang | |
| Xie | 泄 | Xie | |
| Bù Jiàng | 不降 | Bu Jiang | |
| Jiōng | 扃 | Jiong | |
| Jǐn | 廑 | Jin | |
| Kǒng Jiǎ | 孔甲 | Kong Jia | |
| Gāo | 皋 | Gao | |
| Fā | 發 | Fa | |
| Jié | 桀 | Also known as: Lǚ Gǔi, 履癸 | Jie |
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||
| 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏), for example Xià Yǔ (夏禹). | |||
[edit] Shang Dynasty
| Personal name | Reign name² | Temple name³ | Reign years1 | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tang 湯 |
1600 BC - 1300 BC | Tang | ||
| Wai Bing 外丙 |
Wai Bing | |||
| Zhong Ren 仲壬 |
Zhong Ren | |||
| Tai Jia 太甲 |
Tai Jia | |||
| Wo Ding 沃丁 |
Wo Ding | |||
| Tai Geng 太庚 |
Tai Geng | |||
| Xiao Jia 小甲 |
Xiao Jia | |||
| Yong Ji 雍己 |
Yong Ji | |||
| Tai Wu 太戊 |
Tai Wu | |||
| Zhong Ding 仲丁 |
Zhong Ding | |||
| Wai Ren 外壬 |
Wai Ren | |||
| He Dan Jia 河亶甲 |
He Dan Jia | |||
| Zu Yi 祖乙 |
Zu Yi | |||
| Zu Xin 祖辛 |
Zu Xin | |||
| Wo Jia 沃甲 |
Wo Jia | |||
| Zu Ding 祖丁 |
Zu Ding | |||
| Nan Geng 南庚 |
Nan Geng | |||
| Yang Jia 陽甲 |
Yang Jia | |||
| Pan Geng 盤庚 |
1300 BC - 1251 BC | Pan Geng4 | ||
| Xiao Xin 小辛 |
Xiao Xin | |||
| Xiao Yi 小乙 |
Xiao Yi | |||
| Wu Ding 武丁 |
1250 BC - 1192 BC | Wu Ding | ||
| Zu Geng 祖庚 |
1191 BC - 1148 BC | Zu Geng | ||
| Zu Jia 祖甲 |
Zu Jia | |||
| Lin Xin 廩辛 |
Lin Xin | |||
| Geng Ding 庚丁 |
Kang Ding 康丁 |
Kang Ding | ||
| Wu Yi 武乙 |
1147 BC - 1113 BC | Wu Yi | ||
| Wen Ding5 文丁 |
1112 BC - 1102 BC | Wen Ding | ||
| Di Yi 帝乙 |
1101 BC - 1076 BC | Di Yi | ||
| Zi Zhou 子紂 |
Di Xin 帝辛 |
1075 BC - 1046 BC | Di Xin | |
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | ||||
| 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯). | ||||
| 3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice. | ||||
| 4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin. | ||||
| 5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁). | ||||
[edit] Zhou Dynasty
Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:
- the Western Zhou dynasty, ca. 1046 BC1 - 771 BC
- the Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770 BC - 256 BC, in turn divided into:
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign years1 | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ji Fa 姬發 |
Wuwang 武王 |
1046 BC-1043 BC1 | Zhou Wuwang (King Wu of Zhou) |
| Ji Song 姬誦 |
Chengwang 成王 |
1042 BC-1021 BC1 | Zhou Chengwang (King Cheng of Zhou) |
| Ji Zhao 姬釗 |
Kangwang 康王 |
1020 BC-996 BC1 | Zhou Kangwang (King Kang of Zhou) |
| Ji Xia 姬瑕 |
Zhaowang 昭王 |
995 BC-977 BC1 | Zhou Zhaowang (King Zhao of Zhou) |
| Ji Man 姬滿 |
Muwang 穆王 |
976 BC-922 BC1 | Zhou Muwang (King Mu of Zhou) |
| Ji Yihu 姬繄扈 |
Gongwang 共王 |
922 BC-900 BC1 | Zhou Gongwang (King Gong of Zhou) |
| Ji Jian 姬囏 |
Yiwang 懿王 |
899 BC-892 BC1 | Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou) |
| Ji Pifang 姬辟方 |
Xiaowang 孝王 |
891 BC-886 BC1 | Zhou Xiaowang (King Xiao of Zhou) |
| Ji Xie 姬燮 |
Yiwang 夷王 |
885 BC-878 BC1 | Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou) |
| Ji Hu 姬胡 |
Liwang 厲王 |
877 BC-841 BC1 | Zhou Liwang (King Li of Zhou) |
| Gonghe (regency) 共和 |
841 BC-828 BC | Gonghe | |
| Ji Jing 姬靜 |
Xuanwang 宣王 |
827 BC-782 BC | Zhou Xuanwang (King Xuan of Zhou) |
| Ji Gongsheng 姬宮湦 |
Youwang 幽王 |
781 BC-771 BC | Zhou Youwang (King You of Zhou) |
| Ji Yijiu 姬宜臼 |
Pingwang 平王 |
770 BC-720 BC | Zhou Pingwang (King Ping of Zhou) |
| Ji Lin 姬林 |
Huanwang 桓王 |
719 BC-697 BC | Zhou Huanwang (King Huan of Zhou) |
| Ji Tuo 姬佗 |
Zhuangwang 莊王 |
696 BC-682 BC | Zhou Zhuangwang (King Zhuang of Zhou) |
| Ji Huqi 姬胡齊 |
Xiwang 釐王 |
681 BC-677 BC | Zhou Xiwang (King Xi of Zhou) |
| Ji Lang 姬閬 |
Huiwang 惠王 |
676 BC-652 BC | Zhou Huiwang (King Hui of Zhou) |
| Ji Zheng 姬鄭 |
Xiangwang 襄王 |
651 BC-619 BC | Zhou Xiangwang (King Xiang of Zhou) |
| Ji Renchen 姬壬臣 |
Qingwang 頃王 |
618 BC-613 BC | Zhou Qingwang (King Qing of Zhou) |
| Ji Ban 姬班 |
Kuangwang 匡王 |
612 BC-607 BC | Zhou Kuangwang (King Kuang of Zhou) |
| Ji Yu 姬瑜 |
Dingwang 定王 |
606 BC-586 BC | Zhou Dingwang (King Ding of Zhou) |
| Ji Yi 姬夷 |
Jianwang 簡王 |
585 BC-572 BC | Zhou Jianwang (King Jian of Zhou) |
| Ji Xiexin 姬泄心 |
Lingwang 靈王 |
571 BC-545 BC | Zhou Lingwang (King Ling of Zhou) |
| Ji Gui 姬貴 |
Jingwang 景王 |
544 BC-521 BC | Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou) |
| Ji Meng 姬猛 |
Daowang 悼王 |
520 BC | Zhou Daowang (King Dao of Zhou) |
| Ji Gai 姬丐 |
Jingwang 敬王 |
519 BC-476 BC | Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou) |
| Ji Ren 姬仁 |
Yuanwang 元王 |
475 BC-469 BC | Zhou Yuanwang (King Yuan of Zhou) |
| Ji Jie 姬介 |
Zhendingwang 貞定王 |
468 BC-442 BC | Zhou Zhendingwang (King Zhending of Zhou) |
| Ji Quji 姬去疾 |
Aiwang 哀王 |
441 BC | Zhou Aiwang (King Ai of Zhou) |
| Ji Shu 姬叔 |
Siwang 思王 |
441 BC | Zhou Siwang (King Si of Zhou) |
| Ji Wei 姬嵬 |
Kaowang 考王 |
440 BC-426 BC | Zhou Kaowang (King Kao of Zhou) |
| Ji Wu 姬午 |
Weiliewang 威烈王 |
425 BC-402 BC | Zhou Weiliewang (King Weilie of Zhou) |
| Ji Jiao 姬驕 |
Anwang 安王 |
401 BC-376 BC | Zhou Anwang (King An of Zhou) |
| Ji Xi 姬喜 |
Liewang 烈王 |
375 BC-369 BC | Zhou Liewang (King Lie of Zhou) |
| Ji Bian 姬扁 |
Xianwang 顯王 |
368 BC-321 BC | Zhou Xianwang (King Xian of Zhou) |
| Ji Ding 姬定 |
Shenjingwang 慎靚王 |
320 BC-315 BC | Zhou Shenjingwang (King Shenjing of Zhou) |
| Ji Yan 姬延 |
Nanwang 赧王 |
314 BC-256 BC | Zhou Nanwang (King Nan of Zhou) |
| Huiwang 惠王 |
255 BC-249 BC | Zhou Huiwang² (King Hui of Zhou) |
|
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||
| 2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last emperor of the Zhou dynasty. | |||
[edit] Qin Dynasty
| Posthumous Names ( Shì Hào 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name | ||
| Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin annihilated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor". | ||
| 昭襄王 Zhāoxiāng Wáng | 嬴則 Yíng Zé or 嬴稷 Yíng Jì | 255 B.C.-250 B.C. |
| 孝文王 Xiàowén Wáng | 嬴柱 Yíng Zhù | 250 B.C. |
| 莊襄王 Zhuāngxiāng Wáng | 嬴子楚 Yíng Zǐchǔ | 249 B.C.-247 B.C. |
| 始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì | 嬴政 Yíng Zhèng | 246 B.C.-210 B.C. |
| 二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huángdì | 嬴胡亥 Yíng Húhài | 209 B.C.-207 B.C. |
| Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰) | ||
| Did not exist | 嬴子嬰 Yíng Ziyīng | 207 B.C. |
[edit] Han Dynasty
| Posthumous Name | Personal Name | Period of Reign | Era Name | Range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Han" + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong. | ||||
| Western Han Dynasty 206 BC – 9 AD | ||||
| Gao Zu 高祖 |
Liu Bang 劉邦 |
206 BC – 195 BC | Did not exist | |
| Hui Di 惠帝 |
Liu Ying 劉盈 |
194 BC – 188 BC | Did not exist | |
| Shao Di (Shao Di Gong) 少帝 |
Liu Gong 劉恭 |
188 BC – 184 BC | Did not exist | |
| Shao Di (Shao Di Hong) 少帝 |
Liu Hong 劉弘 |
184 BC – 180 BC | Did not exist | |
| Wen Di 文帝 |
Liu Heng 劉恆 |
179 BC – 157 BC | Hòuyuán (後元) | 163 BC – 156 BC |
| Jing Di 景帝 |
Liu Qi 劉啟 |
156 BC – 141 BC | Zhōngyuán (中元) Hòuyuán (後元) |
149 BC – 143 BC 143 BC – 141 BC |
| Wu Di 武帝 |
Liu Che 劉徹 |
140 BC – 87 BC | Jiànyuán (建元) Yuánguāng(元光) |
140 BC – 135 BC 134 BC – 129 BC |
| Zhao Di 昭帝 |
Liu Fuling 劉弗陵 |
86 BC – 74 BC | Shǐyuán (始元) Yuánfèng (元鳳) |
86 BC – 80 BC 74 BC |
| The Prince of Changyi 昌邑王 or 海昏侯 |
Liu He 劉賀 |
74 BC | Yuánpíng (元平) | 74 BC |
| Xuan Di 宣帝 |
Liu Xun 劉詢 |
73 BC – 49 BC | Běnshǐ (本始) Dìjié (地節) |
73 BC – 70 BC 69 BC – 66 BC |
| Yuan Di 元帝 |
Liu Shi 劉奭 |
48 BC – 33 BC | Chūyuán (初元) Yǒngguāng (永光) |
48 BC – 44 BC 33 BC |
| Cheng Di 成帝 |
Liu Ao 劉驁 |
32 BC – 7 BC | Jiànshǐ (建始) Hépíng (河平) |
32 BC – 28 BC 28 BC – 25 BC |
| Ai Di 哀帝 |
Liu Xin 劉欣 |
6 BC – 1 BC | Jiànpíng (建平) Yuánshòu (元壽) |
6 BC – 3 BC 2 BC – 1 BC |
| Ping Di 平帝 |
Liu Kan 劉衎 |
1 BC – 5 | Yuánshǐ (元始) | 1 – 5 |
| Ruzi Ying 孺子嬰 |
Liu Ying 劉嬰 |
6 – 8 | Jùshè (居攝) Chūshǐ (初始) |
6 – October 8 November 8 – December 8 |
| Xin Dynasty (AD 9–23) | ||||
| Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang (王莽) | 9 – 23 | Shǐjiànguó (始建國) Tiānfēng (天鳳) |
9 – 13 20 – 23 |
|
| Continuation of Han Dynasty | ||||
| Geng Shi Di 更始帝 |
Liu Xuan 劉玄 |
23 – 25 | Gēngshǐ (更始) | 23 – 25 |
| Eastern Han Dynasty 25 – 220 | ||||
| Guang Wu Di 光武帝 |
Liu Xiu 劉秀 |
25 – 57 | Jiànwǔ (建武) Jiànwǔzhongōyuán (建武中元) |
25 – 56 56 – 57 |
| Ming Di 明帝 |
Liu Zhuang 劉莊 |
58 – 75 | Yǒngpíng (永平) | 58 – 75 |
| Zhang Di 章帝 |
Liu Da 劉炟 |
76 – 88 | Jiànchū (建初) Yuánhé (元和) |
76 – 84 87 – 88 |
| He Di 和帝 |
Liu Zhao 劉肇 |
89 – 105 | Yǒngyuán (永元) Yuánxīng (元興) |
89 – 105 105 |
| Shang Di 殤帝 |
Liu Long 劉隆 |
106 | Yánpíng (延平) | 9 months in 106 |
| An Di 安帝 |
Liu Hu 劉祜 |
106 – 125 | Yǒngchū (永初) Yuánchū (元初) |
107 – 113 122 – 125 |
| Shao Di, the Marquess of Beixiang 少帝 or 北鄉侯 |
Liu Yi 劉懿 |
125 | Yánguāng (延光) | 125 |
| Shun Di 順帝 |
Liu Bao 劉保 |
125 – 144 | Yǒngjiàn (永建) Yángjiā (陽嘉) |
126 – 132 144 |
| Chong Di 沖帝 |
Liu Bing 劉炳 |
144 – 145 | Yōngxī (永嘉) | 145 |
| Zhi Di 質帝 |
Liu Zuan 劉纘 |
145 – 146 | Běnchū (本初) | 146 |
| Huan Di 桓帝 |
Liu Zhi 劉志 |
146 – 168 | Jiànhé (建和) Hépíng (和平) |
147 – 149 150 |
| Ling Di 靈帝 |
Liu Hong 劉宏 |
168 – 189 | Jiànníng (建寧) Xīpíng (熹平) |
168 – 172 184 – 189 |
| Shao Di, the Prince of Hongnong 少帝 or 弘農王 |
Liu Bian 劉辯 |
189 | Guīngxī (光熹) Zhàoníng (昭寧) |
189 189 |
| Xian Di 獻帝 |
Liu Xie (liú xié) 劉協 |
189 – 220 | Yǒnghàn (永漢) (中平} |
189 189 |
[edit] Three Kingdoms Period
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wei or Cao Wei 220-265 AD | |||
| Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. | |||
| Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) | 曹丕 cao2 pi1 | 220-226 | Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | 曹叡 cao2 rui4 | 226-239 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 |
| Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) | 曹芳 cao2 fang1 | 239-254 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 |
| Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) | 曹髦 cao2 mao2 | 254-260 | Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | 曹奐 cao2 huan4 | 260-265 | Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 |
| Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) | 劉備 (liu2 bei4) | 221-223 | Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223 |
| Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) | 223-263 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 |
| Wu 222-280 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) | 孫權 sun1 quan2 | 222-252 | Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 |
| Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) | 孫亮 sun1 liang4 | 252-258 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 |
| Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Sun Xiu 孫休 sun1 xiu1 | 258-264 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264 |
| Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) | Sun Hao 孫皓 sun1 hao4 | 264-280 | Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 |
[edit] Jin Dynasty
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name | |||
| Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317 | |||
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Sima Yan 司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 | 265-290 | Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 |
| Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | 司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 | 290-306 | Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 |
| Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) | 司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 | 307-311 | Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313 |
| Min Di(愍帝 min3 di4) | 司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 | 313-317 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317 |
| Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD | |||
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | 司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 | 317-322 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | 司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 | 322-325 | Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 |
| Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) | 司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 | 325-342 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334 |
| Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) | 司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 | 342-344 | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344 |
| Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) | 司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 | 345-361 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356 |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) | 司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 | 361-365 | Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363 |
| Fei Di (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) | 司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 | 365-371 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371 |
| Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) | 司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 | 371-372 | Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372 |
| Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) | 司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 | 372-396 | Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 |
| An Di (安帝 an1 di4) | 司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 | 396-418 | Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 |
| Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) | 司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 | 419-420 | Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420 |
[edit] Sixteen Kingdoms Period
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | ||||
| Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire) | ||||
| Han Empire 304-318 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) | 劉淵 liu2 yuan1 | 304-310 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 |
| Did not exist | Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) | 劉和 liu2 he2 | 7 days in 310 | Did not exist |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | 劉聰 liu2 cong1 | 310-318 | Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) | 劉粲 liu2 can4 | a month and days in 318 | Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318 |
| Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 劉曜 liu2 yao4 | 318-329 | Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329 |
| Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | 石勒 shi2 le4 | 319-333 | Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 |
| Did not exist | Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) | 石弘 shi2 hong2 | 333-334 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | 石虎 shi2 hu3 | 334-349 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349 |
| Did not exist | Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) | 石世 shi2 shi4 | 73 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) | 石遵 shi2 zun1 | 183 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) | 石鑒 shi2 jian4 | 103 days within 349-350 | Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350 |
| Did not exist | Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) | 石祗 shi2 zhi1 | 350-351 | Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350 |
| Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire) | ||||
| Cheng Empire 303-338 | ||||
| Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | 李特 li3 te4 | 303 | Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) | 李流 li3 liu2 | several months in 303 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | 李雄 li3 xiong2 | 303-334 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 |
| Did not exist | Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) | 李班 li3 ban1 | 7 months in 334 | Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334 |
| Did not exist | You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) | 李期 li3 qi1 | 334-338 | Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338 |
| Han Empire 338-347 | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | 李壽 li3 shou4 | 338-343 | Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343 |
| Did not exist | Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) | 李勢 li3 shi4 | 343-347 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 |
| Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) | 慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 | 337-348 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) | 慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 | 348-360 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 |
| Did not exist | You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) | 慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 | 360-370 | Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 |
| Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) | 慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 | 384-396 | Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) | 慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 | 396-398 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | 慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 | 398-401 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | 慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 | 401-407 | Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407 |
| Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410 | ||||
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) | 慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 | 398-405 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 | 405-410 | Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410 |
| Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) | 高雲 gao1 yun2 | 407-409 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) | 馮跋 feng2 ba2 | 409-430 | Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) | 馮弘 feng2 hong2 | 430-436 | Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436 |
| Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376 | ||||
| Did not exist | Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) | 張茂 zhang1 mao4 | 320-324 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324 |
| Did not exist | Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) | 張駿 zhang1 jun4 | 324-346 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346 |
| Did not exist | Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) | 張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 | 346-353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353 |
| Did not exist | Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) | 張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353 |
| Did not exist | Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) | 張祚 zhang1 zuo4 | 353-355 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 |
| Did not exist | Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) | 張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 | 355-363 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 |
| Did not exist | Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) | 張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 | 364-376 | Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376 |
| Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) | 呂光 uu3 guang1 | 386-399 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 |
| Did not exist | Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) | 呂紹 luu3 shao4 | 399 | Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399 |
| Did not exist | Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) | 呂纂 luu3 zuan3 | 399-401 | Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) | 呂隆 luu3 long2 | 401-403 | Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403 |
| Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) | 禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 | 397-399 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399 |
| Did not exist | Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) | 禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 | 399-402 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402 |
| Did not exist | Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) | 禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2 | 402-414 | Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 |
| Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460) | ||||
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 段業 duan4 ye4 | 397-401 | Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) | 沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 | 401-433 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 |
| Did not exist | Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) | 沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 | 433-439 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 | 442-444 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 | 444-460 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460 |
| Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) | 李暠 li3 gao3 | 400-417 | Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 李歆 li3 xin1 | 417-420 | Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 李恂 li3 xun2 | 420-421 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421 |
| Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) | 苻健 fu2 jian4 | 351-355 | Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355 |
| Did not exist | Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) | 苻生 fu2 sheng1 | 355-357 | Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357 |
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) | 苻堅 fu2 jian1 | 357-385 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 |
| Did not exist | Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) | 苻丕 fu2 pi1 | 385-386 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) | 苻登 fu2 deng1 | 386-394 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 苻崇 fu2 chong2 | several months in 394 | Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394 |
| Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) | 姚萇 yao2 chang2 | 384-393 | Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) | 姚興 yao2 xing1 | 394-416 | Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 姚泓 yao2 hong2 | 416-417 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417 |
| Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) | 乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 | 385-388 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) | 乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 | 388-400,409-412 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) | 乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 | 412-428 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | 乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 | 428-431 | Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431 |
| Xia Empire 407-431 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) | 赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 | 407-425 | Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) | 赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 | 425-428 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428 |
| Did not exist | Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) | 赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 | 428-431 | Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428 |
[edit] Sovereignties established by Wu Hu
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts) | |||
| Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) | 冉閔 ran3 min3 | 350-352 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352 |
| Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394 | |||
| Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) | 慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 | 384 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384 |
| Did not exist | 慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 | 384-386 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 |
| Did not exist | 段隨 duan4 sui2 | 386 | Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | 慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 | 386 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386 |
| Did not exist | 慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 | 386 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | 慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 | 386 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386 |
| Did not exist | 慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 | 386-394 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394 |
| Shu Kingdom 405-413 | |||
| Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) | 譙縱 qiao2 zong4 | 405-413 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 ) | |||
| Did not exist | 劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 | mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉虎 liu2 hu3 | early 4th century (309?) - 341 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 | 341-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 | 356-358 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 | 358-359 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 | 359-391 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 ) | |||
| Did not exist | 宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 | late 3rd century-293 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 | 293-late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 | late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 | late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 | early 3rd century - 333 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 | 333-345 | Did not exist |
| Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338 | |||
| Did not exist | 段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 | 303-310 or 311 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 | 310 or 311 - 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 | 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 | 318-321 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 | 318-325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段牙 duan4 ya2 | 325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 段遼 duan4 liao2 | 326-338 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) ) | |||
| First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371) | |||
| Did not exist | 楊騰 yang2 teng2 | late 2nd century- early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊駒 yang2 ju1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 | early 3rd century - mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 | late 3rd century - 317 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 | 317-334 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊毅 yang2 yi4 | 334-337 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊初 yang2 chu1 | 337-355 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊國 yang2 guo2 | 355-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊俊 yang2 jun4 | 356-360 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊世 yang2 shi4 | 360-370 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊篡 yang2 cuan4 | 370-371 | Did not exist |
| Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473 | |||
| 武王 wu3 wang2 | 楊定 yang2 ding4 | 385-394 | Did not exist |
| 惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 | 楊盛 yang2 sheng4 | 394-425 | Did not exist |
| 孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 | 楊玄 yang2 xuan2 | 425-429 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1 | 429 and 443 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1 | 429-441 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440 |
| Did not exist | 楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4 | 442-443 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2 | 443-454 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2 | 455-466 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4 | 466-473 | Did not exist |
| Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555 | |||
| Did not exist | 楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4 | 473-477 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2 | 477-482 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3 | 482-486 | Did not exist |
| An Wang (安王 an1 wang2) | 楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3 | 482-503 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1 | 503-506, 534-535 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4 | 535-545 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2 | 545-553 | Did not exist |
| Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person | |||
| Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century | |||
| Did not exist | 楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1 | 477-483? | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊炯 yang2 jiong3 | 483-495 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3 | 495-before 502 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1 | before 502-511 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 楊定 yang2 ding4 | 511- ? | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377) | |||
| As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. | |||
| Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu. | |||
| 神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2 | 拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2 | 219-277 | Did not exist |
| Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name | |||
| 章王 zhang1 wang2 | 拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4 | 277-286 | Did not exist |
| 平王 ping2 wang2 | 拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4 | 286-293 | Did not exist |
| 思王 si1 wang2 | 拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2 | 293-294 | Did not exist |
| 昭王 zhao1 wang2 | 拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1 | 294-307 | Did not exist |
| 穆王 mu4 wang2 | 拓拔猗 (㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2 | 295-305 | Did not exist |
| 穆王 mu4 wang2 | 拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2 | 295-316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1 | 316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 拓拔? tou4 ba2 ? | 316 | Did not exist |
| 平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2 | 拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4 | 316-321 | Did not exist |
| 惠王 hui4 wang2 | 拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4 | 321-325 | Did not exist |
| 煬王 yang2 wang2 | 拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3 | 325-329 and 335-337 | Did not exist |
| 烈王 lie4 wang2 | 拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2 | 329-335 and 337-338 | Did not exist |
| 昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2 | 拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4 | 338-377 | Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377 |
[edit] Northern and Southern Dynasties
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northern dynasty | |||
| Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there. | |||
| 道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4 | 拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1 | 386-409 | Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398 |
| 明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4 | 拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4 | 409-423 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416 |
| 太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4 | 拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2 | 424-452 | Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428 Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-431 |
| 南安王 nan2 an1 wang2 | 拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2 | 452 | Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452 |
| 文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4 | 拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4 | 452-465 | Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455 |
| 獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4 | 拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2 | 466-471 | Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467 |
| 孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4 | 元宏 yuan2 hong2 | 471-499 | Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476 |
| 宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4 | 元恪 yuan2 ke4 | 500-515 | Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508 |
| 孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | 元詡 yuan2 xu3 | 516-528 | Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520 |
| 孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4 | 元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1 | 528-530 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528 |
| 長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 | 元曄 yuan2 ye4 | 530-531 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531 |
| 節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4 | 元恭 yuan2 gong1 | 531-532 | Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532 |
| 安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4 | 元朗 yuan2 lang3 | 531-532 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532 |
| 孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 | 元脩 yuan2 xiu1 | 532-535 | Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532 |
| Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550 | |||
| Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| 孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4 | 元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4 | 534-550 | Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537 Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539 |
| Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name | |||
| 文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4 | 高洋 gao1 yang2 | 550-559 | Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559 |
| 廢帝 fei4 di4 | 高殷 gao1 yin1 | 560 | Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560 |
| 孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4 | 高演 gao1 yan3 | 560-561 | Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561 |
| 武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4 | 高湛 gao1 zhan4 | 561-565 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | 高緯 gao1 wei3 | 565-577 | Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569 |
| 幼主 you4 zhu3 | 高恆 gao1 heng2 | 577 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577 |
| 范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2 | 高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4 | 577-579? | Did not exist |
| Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556 | |||
| Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| 文帝 wen2 di4 | 元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4 | 535-551 | Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551 |
| 廢帝 fei4 di4 | 元欽 yuan2 qin1 | 552-554 | Did not exist |
| 恭帝 gong1 di4 | 元廓 yuan2 kuo4 | 554-556 | Did not exist |
| Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name | |||
| 孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4 | 宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2 | 557 | Did not exist |
| 明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | 宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4 | 557-560 | Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560 |
| 武帝 wu3 di4 | 宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1 | 561-578 | Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565 Tianhe (天和 tian1 he2) 566-572 |
| 宣帝 xuan1 di4 | 宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1 | 579 | Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579 |
| 靜帝 jing4 di4 | 宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3 | 579-581 | Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581 |
| Southern dynasty 420-589 | |||
| Song Dynasty (420-479) | |||
| Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name. | |||
| 武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 | 劉裕 liu3 yu4 | 420-422 | Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422 |
| 少帝 shao4 di4 | 劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2 | 423-424 | Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424 |
| 文帝 wen2 di4 | 劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2 | 424-453 | Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453 |
| 孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 | 劉駿 liu3 jun4 | 454-464 | Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456 |
| 前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4 | 劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4 | 465 | Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465 Jinghe (景和 jing3 he2) 465 |
| 明帝 ming2 di4 | 劉彧 liu3 yu4 | 465-472 | Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472 |
| 後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2 | 劉昱 liu3 yu4 | 473-477 | Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477 |
| 順帝 shun4 di4 | 劉準 liu3 zhun3 | 477-479 | Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479 |
| Qi Dynasty 479-502 | |||
| Convention: Qi + posthumous name | |||
| 高帝 gao1 di4 | 蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2 | 479-482 | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482 |
| 武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 | 蕭賾 xiao1 ze2 | 483-493 | Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493 |
| 鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2 | 蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4 | 494 | Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494 |
| Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2) | 蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2 | 494 | Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494 |
| 明帝 ming2 di4 | 蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2 | 494-498 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498 |
| Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2) | 蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3 | 499-501 | Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501 |
| 和帝 he2 di4 | 蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2 | 501-502 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502 |
| Liang Dynasty (502-557) | |||
| Convention: Liang + posthumous name | |||
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 jing4 di4) | Xiao Yan (蕭衍 xiao1 yan3) | 502-549 | Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519 Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527 |
| Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) | 蕭綱 xiao1 gang1 | 549-551 | Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551 |
| Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2) | 蕭棟 xiao1 dong4 | 551-552 | Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552 |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | 蕭繹 xiao1 yi4 | 552-555 | Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555 |
| Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2) | 蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2 | 555 | Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555 |
| 敬帝 jing4 di4 | 蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4 | 555-557 | Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556 |
| Chen Dynasty 557-589 | |||
| Convention: Chen + posthumous name | |||
| 武帝 wu3 di4 | 陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1 | 557-559 | Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559 |
| 文帝 wen2 di4 | 陳蒨 chen2 qian4 | 560-566 | Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566 |
| 廢帝 fei4 di4 | 陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1 | 567-568 | Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568 |
| 宣帝 xuan1 di4 | 陳頊 chen2 xu1 | 569-582 | Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | 陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3 | 583-589 | Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name | ||||
| Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty. | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | 宣帝 xuan1 di4 | 蕭察 xiao1 cha2 | 555-562 | Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562 |
| Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1) | 孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | 蕭巋 xiao1 kui1 | 562-585 | Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585 |
| Did not exist | 孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|莒公 ju3 gong1 | 蕭琮 xiao1 cong2 | 585-587 | Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 562-585 |
[edit] Sui Dynasty
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name | |||
| Wen Di 文帝 wen2 di4 | 楊堅 yang2 jian1 | 581-604 | Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600 |
| Yang Di 煬帝 yang2 di4 | 楊廣 yang2 guang3 | 605-617 | Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617 |
| Gong Di 恭帝 gong1 di4 | 楊侑 yang2 you4 | 617-618 | Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618 |
[edit] Tang Dynasty
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Tang" + temple name | |||
| Gao Zu (Kao-Tsu) (高祖 gao1 zu3) | 李淵 li3 yuan1 | 618-626 | Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626 |
| Tai Zong (Tai-Tsung) (太宗 tai4 zong1) | 李世民 li3 shi4 min2 | 627-649 | Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649 |
| Gao Zong (Kao-Tsung) (高宗 gao1 zong1) | 李治 li3 zhi4 | 650-683 | Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 |
| Zhong Zong (Chung-Tsung) (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | 李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe|李哲 li3 zhe2 | 684, 705-710 | Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707 |
| Rui Zong (Jui-Tsung) (睿宗 rui4 zong1) | 李旦 li3 dan4 | 684-690, 710-712 | Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684-690 Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711 |
| Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) | |||
| Convention: family name + posthumous name | |||
| Wu Ze Tian (武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1) (no official temple name) | 聖神 sheng4 shen2 | 690-705 | Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692 |
| Continuation of Tang Dynasty | |||
| Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) see note below the table | 李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4 | 710 | Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710 |
| Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1) | 李隆基 li3 long2 ji1 | 712-756 | Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741 |
| Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1) | 李亨 li3 heng1 | 756-762 | Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758 Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760 |
| Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1) | 李豫 li3 yu4 | 762-779 | Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764 |
| De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1) | 李适 li3 gua1 | 780-805 | Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784 |
| Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1) | 李誦 li3 song4 | 805 | Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805 |
| Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1) | 李純 li3 chun2 | 806-820 | Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820 |
| Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1) | 李恆 li3 heng2 | 821-824 | Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824 |
| Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1) | 李湛 li3 zhan4 | 824-826 | Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826 |
| Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1) | 李昂 li3 ang2 | 826-840 | Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835 |
| Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1) | 李炎 li3 yan2 | 840-846 | Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846 |
| Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1) | 李忱 li3 chen2 | 846-859 | Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859 |
| Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1) | 李漼 li3 cui3 | 859-873 | Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859 |
| Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1) | 李儇 li3 xuan1 | 873-888 | Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874 Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879 |
| Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1) | 李曄 li3 ye4 | 888-904 | Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889 Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891 |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below | 李柷 li3 zhu4 | 904-907 | Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907 |
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.
[edit] Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the Five Dynasties | ||||
| Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name | ||||
| Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923 | ||||
| 太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Wen|朱溫 zhu1 wen1 | 907-912 | Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911 |
| Did not exist | 末帝 mo4 di4 | Zhu Zhen|朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4 | 913-923 | Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-915 Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923 |
| Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936 | ||||
| 莊宗 zhuang1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4 | 923-926 | Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926 |
| 明宗 ming2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan|李亶 li3 dan3 | 926-933 | Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930 |
| Did not exist | 節閔帝 min3 di4 | 李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4 | 933-934 | Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-915 |
| Did not exist | 末帝 mo4 di4 | 李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1 | 934-936 | Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936 |
| Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947 | ||||
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2 | 936-942 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942 |
| Did not exist | 出帝 chu1 di4 | 石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4 | 942-947 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944 |
| Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 947-950 | ||||
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3 | 947-948 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948 |
| Did not exist | 隱帝 yin3 di4 | 劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4 | 948-950 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950 |
| Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960 | ||||
| 太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 郭威 guo1 wei1 | 951-954 | Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 柴榮 chai2 rong2 | 954-959 | Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959 |
| Did not exist | 恭帝 gong1 di4 | 柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4 | 959-960 | Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960 |
| the Ten Kingdoms | ||||
| Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise | ||||
| Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978 | ||||
| 太祖 tai4 zu3 | 武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2 | 錢鏐 qian2 liu2 | 904-932 | Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | 文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2 | 錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4 | 932-941 | Did not exist |
| Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1) | 忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2 | 錢佐 qian2 zuo3 | 941-947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2 | 錢倧 qian2 zong1 | 947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 | 錢俶 qian2 chu4 | 947-978 | Did not exist |
| Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945 | ||||
| 太祖 tai4 zu3 | 忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 | 王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1 | 909-925 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4 | 925-926 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | 王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1 | 926-935 | Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935 |
| Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2 | 935-939 | Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939 |
| Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1 | 939-944 | Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944 |
| Did not exist | Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin) | 王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4 | 943-945 | Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945 |
| Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963 | ||||
| Did not exist | 武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2 | 高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1 | 909-928 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2 | 高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4 | 928-948 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 貞懿王 yi4 wang2 | 高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2 | 948-960 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 侍中 shi4 zhong1 | 高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4 | 960-962 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1 | 962-963 | Did not exist |
| Chu Kingdom 897-951 | ||||
| Did not exist | 武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2 | 馬殷 ma3 yin1 | 897-930 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2 | 馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1 | 930-932 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2 | 馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4 | 932-947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 廢王 fei4 wang2 | 馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3 | 947-950 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | 恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2 | 馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4 | 950 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2 | 950-951 | Did not exist |
| Wu Kingdom 904-937 | ||||
| 太祖 tai4 zu3 | 孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4 | 楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4 | 904-905 | Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905 |
| 烈宗 lie4 zong1 | 景帝 jing3 di4 | 楊渥 yang2 wo4 | 905-908 | Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908 |
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | 宣帝 xuan1 di4 | 楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3 | 908-921 | Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919 |
| Did not exist | 睿帝 rui4 di4 | 楊溥 yang2 pu3 | 921-937 | Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 |
| Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975 | ||||
| Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3. | ||||
| 先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 李 (曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4 | 937-943 | Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943 |
| 中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 李璟 li3 jing3 | 943-961 | Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958 |
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | 武王 wu3 wang2 | 李煜 li3 yu4 | 961-975 | Did not exist |
| Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971 | ||||
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | 天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4 | 劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan|劉 (龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3 | 917-925 | Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925 |
| Did not exist | 殤帝 shang1 di4 | 劉玢 liu3 fen1 | 941-943 | Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943 |
| 中宗 zhong1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 劉晟 liu3 cheng2 | 943-958 | Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | 劉鋹 liu3 chang3 | 958-971 | Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971 |
| Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979 | ||||
| 世祖 shi4 zu3 | 神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4 | 劉旻 liu3 min2 | 951-954 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954 |
| 睿宗 rui4 zong1 | 孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4 | 劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1 | 954-970 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957 |
| 少主 shao4 zhu3 | Did not exist | 劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1 | 970 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist |
英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4 | 劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2 | 970-982 | Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982 |
| Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925 | ||||
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 王建 wang2 jian4 | 907-918 | Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | 王衍 wang2 yan3 | 918-925 | Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925 |
| Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965 | ||||
| 高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2 | 934 | Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934 |
| 後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | 孟昶 meng4 chang3 | 938-965 | Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938 |
[edit] Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms
| Name of Posts | Personal Names | Period on post | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wuping and Hunan 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 950-963 | ||||
| Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 | 劉言 liu3 yan2 | 950-953 | ||
| Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 | 王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2 | 953-956 | ||
| Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 | 周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2 | 956-962 | ||
| Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 | 周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2 | 962-963 | ||
| Quanzhang 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 945-978 | ||||
| Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3 | 留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4 | 945-962 | ||
| Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3 | 留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1 | 962 | ||
| Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 | 張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1 | 962-963 | ||
| Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 | 陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4 | 963-978 | ||
[edit] Liao Dynasty
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name | ||||
| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī) | 907-926 | Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922 |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng | 926-947 | Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938 |
| Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn | 947-951 | Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951 |
| Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng | 951-969 | Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969 |
| Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián | 969-982 | Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979 |
| Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù | 982-1031 | Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982 Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012 |
| Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn | 1031-1055 | Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032 |
| Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī | 1055-1101 | Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 |
| Did not exist | Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì) | 耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ | 1101-1125 | Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110 |
[edit] Song Dynasty
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng) | ||||
| Bei (Northern) Song dynasty, 960- 1127 | ||||
| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn) | 960-976 | Jianlong (建隆 Jiànlóng) 960-963 |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì) | 976-997 | Taipingxingguo (太平興國 Tàipíngxīngguó) 976-984 Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987 |
| Zhenzong (真宗 Zhēnzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng) | 997-1022 | Xianping (咸平 Xiánpíng) 998-1003 Jingde (景德 Jǐngdé) 1004-1007 |
| Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zhēn) | 1022-1063 | Tiansheng (天聖 Tiānshèng) 1023-1032 Mingdao (明道 Míngdào) 1032-1033 |
| Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù) | 1063-1067 | Zhiping (治平 Zhìpíng) 1064-1067 |
| Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū) | 1067-1085 | Xining (熙寧 Xīníng) 1068-1077 |
| Zhezong (哲宗 Zhézōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào Xǔ) | 1085-1100 | Yuanyou (元祐 Yuányòu) 1086-1094 Shaosheng (紹聖 Shàoshèng) 1094-1098 |
| Huizong (徽宗 Huīzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí) | 1100-1125 | Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 Jiànzhōngjìngguó) 1101 Chongning (崇寧 Chóngníng) 1102-1106 |
| Qinzong (欽宗 Qīnzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Huan (趙桓 Zhào Huán) | 1126-1127 | Jingkang (靖康 Jìngkāng) 1125-1127 |
| Nan (Southern) Song dynasty, 1127- 1279 | ||||
| Gaozong (高宗 Gāozōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu) | 1127-1162 | Jingyan (靖炎 Jìngyán) 1127-1130 |
| Xiaozong (孝宗 Xiàozōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn) | 1162-1189 | Longxing (隆興 Lóngxīng) 1163-1164 |
| Guangzong (光宗 Guāngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn) | 1189-1194 | Shaoxi (紹熙 Shàoxī) 1190-1194 |
| Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Kuo (趙擴 Zháo Kuó) | 1194-1224 | Qingyuan (慶元 Qìngyuán) 1195-1200 Jiatai (嘉泰 Jiātài) 1201-1204 |
| Lizong (理宗 Lǐzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún) | 1224-1264 | Baoqing (寶慶 Bǎoqìng) 1225-1227 Shaoding (紹定 Shàodìng) 1228-1233 |
| Duzong (度宗 Dùzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Qi (趙祺 Zhào Qí) | 1264-1274 | Xianchun (咸淳 Xiánchún) 1265-1274 |
| did not exist | Gong Di (恭帝 Gōngdì) | Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn) | 1274-1276 | Deyou (德祐 Déyòu) 1275-1276 |
| Duan Zong (端宗 Duān Zōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shi (趙是 Zhào Shì) | 1276-1278 | Jingyan (景炎 Jǐngyán) 1276-1278 |
| did not exist | Di (帝 Dì) or Wei Wang (衛王 Wèiwáng) | Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng) | 1278-1279 | Xiangxing (祥興 Xiángxīng) 1278-1279 |
[edit] Western Xia
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Chinese family name and first names | Reigns | Era names and their according durations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names" | ||||
| Jǐngzōng (景宗) |
Wǔlièdì (武烈帝) |
Lǐ Yuánhào (李元昊) |
1032-1048 | Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032-1034 Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 |
| Yìzōng (毅宗) |
Zhāoyīngdì (昭英帝) |
Lǐ Liàngzuò (李諒祚) |
1048-1067 | Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049 Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052 |
| Huìzōng (惠宗) |
Kāngjìngdì (康靖帝) |
Lǐ Bǐngcháng (李秉常) |
1067-1086 | Qiándào (乾道) 1067-1069 Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074 |
| Chóngzōng (崇宗) |
Shèngwéndì (聖文帝) |
Lǐ Qiánshùn (李乾順) |
1086-1139 | Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089 Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097 |
| Rénzōng (仁宗) |
Shèngzhēndì (聖禎帝) |
Lǐ Rénxiào (李仁孝) |
1139-1193 | Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143 Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148 |
| Huánzōng (桓宗) |
Zhāojiǎnjì (昭簡帝) |
Lǐ Chúnyòu (李純佑) |
1193-1206 | Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206 |
| Xiāngzōng (襄宗) |
Jǐngwǔdì (景武帝) |
Lǐ Ānquán (李安全) |
1206-1211 | Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209 |
| Shénzōng (神宗) |
Yīngwéndì (英文帝) |
Lǐ Zūnxū (李遵頊) |
1211-1223 | Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223 |
| Xiànzōng (獻宗) |
Did not exist | Lǐ Déwàng (李德旺) |
1223-1226 | Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226 |
| Mòzhǔ (末主) |
Did not exist | Lǐ Xiàn (李晛) |
1226-1227 | Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227 |
[edit] Jin Dynasty
| Temple Name Miao Hao |
Posthumous Name Shi Hao |
Birth Name |
Years of Reign |
Era Name Nian Hao |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name | ||||
| Tàizǔ 太祖 |
(1) | Wányán Āgǔdǎ 完顏阿骨打 |
1115-1123 | Shōuguó |
| Tàizōng 太宗 |
(1) | Wányán Wúqǐmǎi 完顏吳乞買 |
1123-1134 | Tiānhuì |
| Xīzōng 熙宗 |
(1) | Wányán Hélá 完顏合剌 |
1135-1149 | Tiānhuì |
| (2) | Hǎilíngwáng 海陵王 |
Wányán Liàng 完顏亮 |
1149-1161 | Tiāndé |
| Shìzōng 世宗 |
(1) | Wányán Yōng 完顏雍 |
1161-1189 | Dàdìng |
| Zhāngzōng 章宗 |
(1) | Wányán Jǐng 完顏璟 |
1190-1208 | Míngchāng |
| (2) | Wèishàowáng 衛紹王 |
Wányán Yǒngjì 完顏永濟 |
1209-1213 | Dà'ān |
| Xuānzōng 宣宗 |
(1) | Wányán Xún 完顏珣 |
1213-1223 | Zhēnyòu |
| Āizōng 哀宗 |
(1) | Wányán Shǒuxù 完顏守緒 |
1224-1234 | Zhèngdà |
| (2) |
Mòdì 末帝 |
Wányán Chénglín 完顏承麟 |
1234 | (2) |
(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign.
(2) Did not exist
[edit] Yuan Dynasty
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Khan Names | Given names | Period of Reigns | Era names and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use first name (e.g. Temujin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan. | |||||
| Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. |
|||||
| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Genghis Khan | Borjigin Temujin (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn) | 1206-1227 | did not exist |
| Ruizong (睿宗 Ruìzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | ? | Borjigin Tolui (孛兒只斤拖雷 Bèi'érzhījīnTuōléi) | 1228 | did not exist |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Ögedei Khan | Borjigin Ögedei (孛兒只斤窩闊台 Bèi'érzhījīn Wōkuòtái) | 1229-1241 | did not exist |
| did not exist | did not exist | Töregene Khâtûn (乃馬真 Nǎimǎzhēn) | regent 1241-1246 | did not exist | |
| Dingzong (定宗 Dìngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Güyük Khan | Borjigin Güyük (孛兒只斤貴由 Bèi'érzhījīn Guìyuó) | 1246-1248 | did not exist |
| did not exist | did not exist | ? | Oghul Ghaymish (海米失 Hǎimǐshī) | regent 1248-1251 | did not exist |
| Xianzong (憲宗 Xiànzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Möngke Khan | Borjigin Möngke (孛兒只斤蒙哥 Bèi'érzhījīn Ménggē) | 1251-1259 | did not exist |
| Shizu (世祖 Shìzǔ) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Kublai Khan | Borjigin Kublai (孛兒只斤忽必烈 Bèi'érzhījīn Hūbìliè) | 1260-1294 | Zhongtong (中統 Zhōngtǒng) 1260-1264 |
| Chengzong (成宗 Chéngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Temür Öljeytü Khân | Borjigin Temür (孛兒只斤鐵木耳 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr) | 1294-1307 | Yuanzhen (元貞 Yuánzhēn) 1295-1297 |
| Wuzong (武宗 Wǔzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Qayshan Gülük | Borjigin Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bèi'érzhījīn Hǎishān) | 1308-1311 | Zhida (至大 Zhìdà) 1308-1311 |
| Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Ayurparibhadra | Borjigin Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá) | 1311-1320 | Huangqing (皇慶 Huángqìng) 1312-1313 |
| Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Suddhipala Gege'en | Borjigin Suddhipala (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Shuòdébālá) | 1321-1323 | Zhizhi (至治 Zhìzhì) 1321-1323 |
| Jinzong (晉宗 Jìnzōng) (1) | Taiding Di (泰定帝 Tàidìng Dì) (2) | Yesün-Temür | Borjigin Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér) | 1323-1328 | Taiding (泰定 Tàidìng) 1321-1328 Zhihe (致和 Zhìhé) 1328 |
| did not exist (1) | Tianshun Di (天順帝 Tiānshùn Dì) (2) | Arigaba | Borjigin Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bèi'érzhījīn Āsùjíbā) | 1328 | Tianshun (天順 Tiānshùn) 1328 |
| Wenzong (文宗 Wénzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Jijaghatu Toq-Temür | Borjigin Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tútiěmùér) | 1328-1329 and 1329-1332 | Tianli (天曆 Tiānlì) 1328-1330 |
| Mingzong (明宗 Míngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Qoshila Qutuqtu | Borjigin Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Héshìlà) | 1329 | did not exist |
| Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Irinchibal | Borjigin Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bèi'érzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān) | 1332 | Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1332 |
| Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (1) | Shundi (順帝 Shùndì) | Toghan-Temür | Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér) | 1333-1370 | Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335 |
| (1) Convention: for these souverigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
(2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name. |
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| Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Khan Names | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use khan names or born names. | |||||
| Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. | |||||
| Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name. | |||||
| Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China) | Shundi (順帝 Shùndì) | Toghan-Temür | Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér) | 1333-1370 | Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335 |
| Zhaozong (昭宗 Zhāozōng) | did not exist | Biligtü Khan | Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤愛育識里達臘 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà) | 1370-1378 | Xuanguang (宣光 Xuānguāng) 1371-1378 |
| did not exist | did not exist | Usakhal Khan | Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér) | 1378-1387 | Tianguang (天光 Tiānguāng) 1378-1387 |
| (1) Convention: for these souverigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
Note: ....5 more khans before the Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin family stepped down from the khan throne.... |
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[edit] Ming Dynasty
To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.
| Personal Name | Posthumous name1 (short form) |
Temple name1 | Reign name | Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋 |
Gāodì 高帝 |
Tàizǔ 太祖 |
Hóngwǔ 洪武 |
1368-1398 | The Hongwu Emperor |
| Zhū Yǔnwén 朱允炆 |
Huìdì 惠帝 |
None given² | Jiànwén 建文 |
1398-1402 | The Jianwen Emperor |
| Zhū Dì 朱棣 |
Wēndì 文帝 |
Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or Tàizōng, 太宗 |
Yǒnglè 永樂 |
1402-1424 | The Yongle Emperor |
| Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾 |
Zhāodì 昭帝 |
Rénzōng 仁宗 |
Hóngxī 洪熙 |
1424-1425 | The Hongxi Emperor |
| Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基 |
Zhāngdì 章帝 |
Xuānzōng 宣宗 |
Xuāndé 宣德 |
1425-1435 | The Xuande Emperor |
| Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮 |
Ruìdì 睿帝 |
Yīngzōng 英宗 |
Zhèngtǒng, 正統 |
1435-1449; |
The Zhengtong Emperor |
| Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺 |
Jǐngdì 景帝 |
Dàizōng 代宗 |
Jǐngtài 景泰 |
1449-1457 | The Jingtai Emperor |
| Zhū Jiànshēn 朱見深 |
Chúndì 純帝 |
Xiànzōng 憲宗 |
Chénghuà 成化 |
1464-1487 | The Chenghua Emperor |
| Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘 |
Jìngdì 敬帝 |
Xiàozōng 孝宗 |
Hóngzhì 弘治 |
1487-1505 | The Hongzhi Emperor |
| Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照 |
Yìdì 毅帝 |
Wǔzōng 武宗 |
Zhèngdé 正德 |
1505-1521 | The Zhengde Emperor |
| Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜 |
Sùdì 肅帝 |
Shìzōng 世宗 |
Jiājìng 嘉靖 |
1521-1566 | The Jiajing Emperor |
| Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕 |
Zhuāngdì 莊帝 |
Mùzōng 穆宗 |
Lóngqìng 隆慶 |
1566-1572 | The Longqing Emperor |
| Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞 |
Xiǎndì 顯帝 |
Shénzōng 神宗 |
Wànlì 萬曆 |
1572-1620 | The Wanli Emperor |
| Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛 |
Zhēndì 貞帝 |
Guāngzōng 光宗 |
Tàichāng 泰昌 |
1620 | The Taichang Emperor |
| Zhū Yóujiào 朱由校 |
Zhédì 悊帝 |
Xīzōng 熹宗 |
Tiānqǐ 天啟 |
1620-1627 | The Tianqi Emperor |
| Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢 |
Zhuānglièmǐn 莊烈愍 |
Sīzōng 思宗 |
Chóngzhēn 崇禎 |
1627-1644 | The Chongzhen Emperor |
| 1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu. | |||||
| 2 The Yongle emperor usurped the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. | |||||
| 3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun. | |||||
[edit] Shun Dynasty 大顺王朝
This is the state set up by the peasants' rebellion. The Ming forces were destroyed by the Shun rebels, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces won the rebels.
| Personal Name | Temple name | Reign name | Reign years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Li Zicheng | Chuǎng Wáng 闯王 |
Yung Chang 永昌 |
1644 |
[edit] Southern Ming Dynasty 南明政权
This is the regime established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.
| Personal Name | Temple name | Reign name | Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhū Yóusōng 朱由崧 |
Ānzōng 安宗 |
Hóngguāng 弘光 |
1644-1645 | Prince of Fu 福王 Fú Wáng |
| Zhū Yùjiàn 朱聿鍵 |
Shàozōng 紹宗 |
Lóngwǔ 隆武 |
1645-1646 | Prince of Tang 唐王 Táng Wáng |
| Zhū Chángfāng 朱常淓 |
None given | None given, but sometimes referred to as the |
1645 | Prince of Lu (Luh*) 潞王 Lù Wáng |
| Zhū Yǐhǎi 朱以海 |
None given | None given, but sometimes referred to as the |
1645-1653 | Prince of Lu (Lou*) 魯王 Lǔ Wáng |
| Zhū Yùyuè 朱聿[金粵] |
None given | Shàowǔ 紹武 |
1646 | Prince of Tang (Shaowu) 唐王 Táng Wáng |
| Zhū Yóuláng 朱由榔 |
None given | Yǒnglì 永曆 |
1646-1662 | Prince of Gui 桂王 Guì Wáng |
* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.
[edit] Qing Dynasty 清朝
To see the Qing dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.
| Given name1 | Posthumous name² (short form) |
Temple name² | Reign name Chinese, Manchu |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 |
Gāodì 高帝 |
Tàizǔ 太祖 |
Tiānmìng 天命 |
1616-1626³ | Nurhaci |
| Hong Taiji4 皇太極 |
Wéndì 文帝 |
Tàizōng 太宗 |
Tiāncōng 天聰 |
1626-1643 | Hong Taiji |
| Fúlín Phúc Lâm 福臨 |
Zhāngdì 章帝 |
Shìzǔ 世祖 |
Shùnzhì Thuận Trị 順治 |
1643-16615 | Shunzhi Emperor Thuận Trị |
| Xuányè 玄燁 Huyền Diệp |
Réndì 仁帝 |
Shèngzǔ 聖祖 |
Kāngxī 康熙 |
1661-1722 | Kangxi Emperor Khang Hi |
| Yìnzhēn 胤禛 Dận Chân |
Xiàndì 憲帝 |
Shìzōng 世宗 |
Yōngzhèng 雍正 |
1722-1735 | Yongzheng Emperor Ung Chính |
| Hónglì 弘曆 Hoàng Lịch |
Chúndì 純帝 |
Gāozōng 高宗 |
Qiánlóng 乾隆 |
1735-1796 (died 1799)6 |
Qianlong Emperor Càn Long |
| Yóngyǎn 顒琰 |
Ruìdì 睿帝 |
Rénzōng 仁宗 |
Jiāqìng 嘉慶 |
1796-1820 | Jiaqing Emperor Gia Khánh |
| Mínníng 旻寧 |
Chéngdì 成帝 |
Xuānzōng 宣宗 |
Dàoguāng 道光 |
1820-1850 | Daoguang Emperor Đạo Quang |
| Yìzhǔ 奕詝 |
Xiǎndì 顯帝 |
Wénzōng 文宗 |
Xiánfēng 咸豐 |
1850-1861 | Xianfeng Emperor Hàm Phong |
| Zǎichún 載淳 |
Yìdì 毅帝 |
Mùzōng 穆宗 |
Tóngzhì 同治 |
1861-18757 | Tongzhi Emperor Đồng Trị |
| Zǎitián 載湉 |
Jǐngdì 景帝 |
Dézōng 德宗 |
Guāngxù 光緒 |
1875-19087 | Guangxu Emperor Quang Tự |
| Pǔyí 溥儀 |
Xùndì 8 逊帝 |
None given 9 | Xuāntǒng 宣統 |
1908-192410 (died 1967) |
Xuantong Emperor |
| 1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. | |||||
| 2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. | |||||
| 3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. | |||||
| 4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海). | |||||
| 5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644. | |||||
| 6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796. | |||||
| 7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. | |||||
| 8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi. | |||||
| 9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public. | |||||
| 10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932-1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934-1945). | |||||
[edit] Taiping Rebellion 太平天国
| Personal name | Reign name 年號 |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 |
Yuannian 元年 |
August, 1851 - May, 1864 | Hong Xiuquan |
| Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福 |
None given | May, 1864 - August, 1864 | Hong Tianguifu |
[edit] Yuan Shikai's Chinese Empire 中华帝国
| Personal name | Reign name 年號 |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 |
Hongxian (Hung-hsien) 洪憲 |
1916 | Yuan Shikai |
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