Music of Vietnam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vietnamese musical culture is highly syncretist, combining native and foreign influences, most notably Chinese. Some claim that classical Vietnamese music more closely resembles that of Mongolia and Japan. Approximately fifty ethnic groups are indigenous to the region. Ethnic Vietnamese lowlanders dominate the country's modern culture.
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[edit] Imperial court music
Nhã nhạc is the music played in the Imperial Court of the Nguyen Dynasty, the last dynasty of Vietnam. It was synthesized by the Nguyen kings. Based on earlier Vietnamese imperial court music, which has influence from the music of Champa, and the Ming dynasty's imperial court. Along with Nha Nhac, the Imperial Court of Vietnam in the 19th century also had many royal dances which still exist until nowadays. The theme of most of these dances is to wish the kings longevity and the country wealth.
[edit] Folk music
Vietnamese folk music is extremely diverse and includes quan họ, hát chầu văn, ca trù, and hò, among other forms.
[edit] Quan họ
Quan họ or quan họ Bắc Ninh (alternate singing) is popular in Hà Bắc (divided into nowadays Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang Provinces) and across Vietnam; numerous variations exist, especially in the northern provinces. Sung a cappella, quan họ is improvised and is used in courtship rituals.[See also]
[edit] Hát chầu văn
Hát chầu văn or hát văn is a spiritual form of music used to invoke spirits during ceremonies. It is highly rhythmic and trance-oriented. Before 1986, the Vietnamese government repressed hát chầu văn and other forms of religious expression. It has since been revived by musicians like Phạm Văn Tỵ.
[edit] Nhạc dân tộc cải biên
Nhạc dân tộc cải biên is a modern form of Vietnamese folk music which arose in the 1950s after the founding of the Hanoi Conservatoire of Music in 1956. This development involved writing traditional music using Western musical notation, while Western elements of harmony and instrumentation were added. Nhạc tộc cải biên is often criticized by purists for its watered-down approach to traditional sounds.
[edit] Ca trù
Ca trù (also hát ả đào) is a popular folk music which is said to have begun with Ả Đào, a female singer who charmed the enemy with her voice. Most singers remain female, and the genre has been revived since the Communist government loosened its repression in the 1980s.See also
[edit] Hò
"Hò" can be thought of as the southern style of Quan họ. It is improvisional and is typically sung as dialogues between a guy and girl. Common themes include love, courtship, the countryside, etc.
[edit] Modern music
Tân nhạc, literally means modern music, was developed in the 1930s with Western instruments and theories in contrast to the traditional style. Nguyen Xuan Khoat is credited to the be founder. Several famous tân nhạc songwriters include Diệp Minh Tuyền, Thanh Tùng and, most especially, Pham Duy, Trịnh Công Sơn and Văn Cao.
[edit] Opera and theatrical music
Vietnamese theater is strongly influenced by Chinese opera and other forms, and includes genres like hát tuồng, hát chèo and cải lương. These types of performances have lost popular ground in recent years, while others, like water puppetry, have undergone a popular revival.
[edit] Chèo
Widely believed to be the oldest extant form of Vietnamese opera is hát chèo, which has existed since the 11th century in the Red River Delta. Stories typically revolve around popular legends and are accompanied by a repertoire of adaptable music. Flutes, stringed and percussion instruments are common. The audience in a chèo performance applauds using a drum; this is often in response to a stock buffoon character who comments on the events of the story, and of the day, leading to an anti-establishment reputation which earned chèo the ire of 15th century rulers of the Le dynasty, as well as other, later rulers. Modern chèo often relies on libretti for its stories.
[edit] Tuồng
Hát tuong was imported from China around the 13th century and was used for entertaining royalty for a time before being adapted for travelling troupes of actors. Stories in the opera tend to be ostensibly historical and frequently focus on the rules of social decorum. Like cheo and other forms of opera from around the world, tuong employs the use of stock characters who are recognizable from their make-up and costumes.
[edit] Cải lương (modern folk opera)
Compared to tuồng and chèo, cải lương remains popular in modern Vietnam. Originating in the early 12th century, cải lương includes historical and contemporary themes, and its modern incarnation. Cải lương has remained adaptable for modern innovations and now includes electric guitar and other new inventions. It is accompanied by nhac tai tu, which is a complex and partially improvised form of chamber music.
Cải lương uses a lot of vibrato, the words are extended when singing and the vibrato follows.
[edit] Rối nước
Water puppetry, or rối nước, is a distinctively Vietnamese art form which arose in the 12th century. In it, a split-bamboo screen obscures puppets which stand in water and are manipulated using long poles hidden beneath the water. Due to strict restrictions on learning the art of water puppetry, the form had nearly died out before the Maison des Cultures du Monde intervened in 1984 and helped reinvigorate the genre.
[edit] Traditional musical instruments
- Đàn bầu (monochord zither)
- Đàn gáo (coconut fiddle)
- Đàn nguyệt (moon lute)
- Đàn nhị (fiddle)
- Đàn tam thập lục (hammered dulcimer)
- Đàn tranh (long zither)
- Đàn tỳ bà (pear-shaped lute)
- T'rung (bamboo xylophone)
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[edit] Collaborations
Some Vietnamese singers are active in USA like Da Nhat Yen, Trish T Trang, mixing with Western musicians. Known examples are "Bonjour Vietnam" by Quỳnh Anh and Marc Lavoine in France and "Chú Mèo Ngủ Quên" by Trịnh Thanh Duyên and Awaken (Trường Hợp Bong Bóng) in Belgium.
[edit] References
- Blackburn, Philip. "Ancient Rock Music". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 262-269. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
[edit] External links
- Traditional music of Vietnam from Vietnam-Culture.com
- Encyclopedia of Vietnamese music
- Encyclopedia of Vietnamese music
- Vietnam's live music for the dead by Ho Binh Minh, Sunday April 18, 04:22 AM
- VietnamTourism.com: Traditional Theatre
- Vietnamese Institute of Musicology
- England based Vietnamese music community site
