Largest organism

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The largest organism found on Earth can be measured using a variety of different methods. It could be defined as the largest by volume, mass, height, or length. Some creatures group together to form a superorganism, though this cannot truly be classed as one large organism and is usually only common amongst invertebrates.

There are many difficulties in truly defining the largest organism. A giant fungus of the species Armillaria ostoyae in the Malheur National Forest in Oregon was found to span 8.9 km² (2200 acres)^[1]. Whether or not this is an actual individual organism is disputed: some tests have indicated that they have the same genetic makeup ^[2], but this does not exclude its being a clonal colony of numerous smaller individuals. The Aspen tree, (Populus tremuloides), also forms large clonal colonies of genetically identical trees (technically, stems) connected by a single underground root system. These trees form through root sprouts coming off an original parent tree, though the root system may not remain a single unit in all specimens. One such grove in Utah covers 80 hectares and is estimated to weigh 6600 tons [3]. The largest fully-connected Aspen is Pando, and some experts call it the world's largest^[1] and oldest organism^[2]. Another enormous colonial "organism" that rivals the Armillaria and the Populus colonies in size is the giant marine plant, Posidonia oceanica, discovered in the Mediterranean Sea near the Balearic Islands, Spain. This plant, in combination, is about 8 km (4.3 miles) across, surrounding a small island.

Excluding possible clonal colonies, the General Sherman tree, an individual Giant Sequoia with a volume of 1489 m³, would hold the title of the world's largest tree (by volume of its trunk)^[4]. This tree stands 83.8 m (274.9 ft) tall and the trunk alone is estimated to weigh as much as about 15 Blue Whales combined. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef stretching 2000 km, has been shown to be a collection of many organisms and is the largest living superorganism, rather than a true singular organism, though the whole of the biosphere in some respects can be considered as a superorganism (see Gaia theory).

By volume and weight, the largest known animal ever to have lived is the blue whale, an endangered species that can measure 30 m (100 feet) in length and can weigh in excess of 200 tons. There is currently no conclusive evidence that a larger animal has ever existed, but the phenomenon known as "Bloop" has indicated to some people that a larger living animal is in existence. The largest land animals today are male Savannah Elephants, with one known example weighing around 12,272 kg (27,000 pounds), though many extinct species, such as many dinosaurs, were much larger.

Some animals are known for having the largest particular body part‎ amongst any creature, such as the neck of the giraffe and the brain of the Sperm Whale.

Contents 1 Vertebrates 1.1 Mammals (Mammalia) 1.2 Birds (Aves) 1.3 Reptiles (Reptilia) 1.4 Amphibians (Amphibia) 1.5 Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) 1.6 Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes) 2 Invertebrates 2.1 Sponges (Porifera) 2.2 Cnidarians (Cnidaria) 2.3 Parasites (Platyhelminthes) 2.4 Roundworms (Nematoda) 2.5 Segmented worms (Annelida) 2.6 Enchinoderms (Echinodermata) 2.7 Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) 2.8 Mollusks (Mollusca) 2.9 Arthropods (Arthropoda) 2.10 Insects (Insecta) 3 Plants 4 Other kingdoms 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References

[edit] Vertebrates

[edit] Mammals (Mammalia)

A member of the order Cetacea, the Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is believed to be the largest animal ever to have lived. The maximum recorded weight was a 30m/100-foot long 190 tonnes (209 tons), while several longer ones, up to 33.3 m (110 ft), went unweighed. The African Bush Elephant (Loxodonta africana), of the order Proboscidea, is the largest living land animal. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 100 kg (225 pounds). The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. It was a male and weighed 12,272 kg or 13.5 tons (27,000 pounds), with an overall length (trunk to tail) of 10.6 m (35 feet) and a shoulder height of 4.2 m (13.7 ft).

• Monotreme Mammals (Monotremata). The largest extant monotreme is the Western Long-beaked Echidna weighing up to 16.5 kg (36.4 lbs.) and measuring 1 m (3.3 ft) long. The largest monotreme (egg-bearing mammal) ever was the extinct echidna species Zaglossus hacketti, known only from a few bones found in western Australia. It was the size of a sheep, weighing probably up to 100 kg (220 lb).
• Marsupials (Marsupialia). The Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus) is the largest living marsupial. The maximum size of these lanky mammals is 100 kg (220 lb) and 1.92 m (6.3 ft) tall. Many much larger marsupials existed prehistorically, the largest of which was Diprotodon. This rhino-sized herbivore would have easily exceed 2 tonnes (4,400 lb), 3.3 m (11 ft) in length and 1.83 m (6 ft) in height.
• Anteaters & allies (Pilosa). The largest species is easily the Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). A large adult can weigh as much as 65 kg (143 lb) and measure 2.4 m (8 ft) in overall length. The sloths attained much biggers sizes prehistorically, the largest of which were Megatherium which, at an estimated average weight of 4.5 tonnes (5 tons) and height of 5.1 m (17 ft), was about the same size as the African Bush Elephant.
• Armadillos (Cingulata). The extant giant of this group is the Giant Armadillo (Priodontes maximus). The top size for this species is 60 kg (132 lb) and 1.5 m (5 ft) in length. Much larger prehistoric examples are known, especially Glyptodon, which easily topped 2.7 m (9 ft) and 2 tonnes (4,400 lb).
• Insectivores (Insectivora). The largest of this big order of small mammals is the Moonrat (Echinosorex gymnura), the maximum size of which is over 2 kg (4.4 lb) and 60 cm (24 inches).
• Tree Shrews (Scadentia). The largest of the tree shrews seems to be the Common Tree Shrew (Tupaia glis), at up to 187 grams (6.6 oz) and 40 cm (17 inches).

• Colugos (Dermoptera). Of the two colugo species in the order Dermoptera of gliding arboreal mammals in southeast Asia, the largest and most common is the Malayan colugo (Cynocephalus varigatus). The maximum size is 2 kg (4.4 lb) and 73 cm (29 inches).
• Bats (Chiroptera). The largest bat species is the Giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus), a rare fruit bat and endangered species that is part of the megabat family. The maximum size is believed to approach 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), 55 cm (22 inches) long, and the wingspan may be almost 1.8 m (6 ft).
• Primates (Primates). The Eastern Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) subspecies is the largest living primate. The maximum size of a male gorilla can be over 225 kg (500 lb) and 1.83 m (6 ft) in the wild, with much heavier weights recorded in captivity. Gigantopithecus is the largest known primate ever, probably averaged 3 m (10 ft) tall and weighing 300 to 550 kg (700 to 1200 lb). It lived 1 to 5 million years ago in the region of India and China. Human beings (Homo sapiens) can attain massive weights measured in thousands of pounds (up to 1,500 lb), but these are cases of morbid obesity, tumor, and other medical malady, and enormous heights (up to 8.9 ft), due to the growth disorder gigantism.
• Carnivores (Carnivora). The largest species is now, with the inclusion of pinnipeds, the Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina). The top size recorded for this species is 5 tonnes (5.5 tons) and 6.5 m (21.6 ft) long. The largest living land carnivores are the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) and the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), both exceptionally exceeding 1 tonne (2,205 lb), 3 m (10 ft) long, and 1.5 m (5 ft) tall at the shoulder.

• Dugongs and manatees (Sirenia). The largest living species in the order Sirenia of dugongs and manatees is the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). The maximum size of this species is 1590 kg (3,500 lb) and 4.1 m (13.5 ft). However, the extinct Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) was much larger, growing up to at least 7.9 m (26 ft) long and weighing up to 11 tonnes (12.1 tons).
• Elephants, mammoths, and mastodons (Proboscidea). Contrary to popular belief, extinct species in the order Proboscidea, such as mammoths and mastodons, did not dwarf the modern African Bush Elephant. The largest elephant ever was probably the Columbian Mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), which is believed to have attained a size of as much as 4.5 m (15 ft) tall and weighed over 13.6 tonnes (15 tons).
• Hyraxes (Hyracoidea). The largest species of hyrax seems to be the Cape Hyrax (Procavia capensis), at up to 5.4 kg (12 lb) and 73 cm (29 inches) long.
• Odd-toed Ungulates (Perissodactyla). The largest extant species is the White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The largest size this species can attain is 4.5 tonnes (5 tons), 4.7 m (15.5 ft) long, and 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. The largest land mammal ever was Indricotherium, a member of this order. It stood up to 5.5 m (18 ft) tall, measured over 9 m (30 ft) long and weighed up to 20 tonnes (22 tons).

• Even-toed Ungulates (Artiodactyla). The largest species is terms of weight is the Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), reaching a maximum size of 4.5 tonnes (5 tons), 4.8 m (16 ft) long and 1.66 m (5.5 ft) tall. The longest-bodied species, and tallest of all living land animals, is the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), measuring up to 5.8 m (19.3 ft), although being relatively slender, reaches a top weigh of 2 tonnes (2.2 tons).
• Pangolins (Pholiodata). The largest species of scaly anteaters is the Giant Pangolin (Manis gigantea), at up to 1.7 m (5.8 ft) and at least 40 kg (88 lb).
• Rodents (Rodentia). The largest living rodent is the capybara, native to most of the tropical and temperate parts of South America east of the Andes, always near water. Full-grown capybaras can reach a top size of 80 kg (176 lb), 1.5 m (5 ft) long and 90 cm (3 ft) tall. The largest known rodent ever is Phoberomys pattersoni, an extinct rodent who lived in the Orinoco River delta about 8 million years ago. An almost complete skeleton of the giant rodent was discovered in Venezuela in 2000; it was 3 m (10 ft) long, with an additional 1.5 m (5 foot) tail, and probably weighed around 700 kg (1,540 lb).
• Rabbits & allies (Lagomorpha). The largest species is the European Hare (Lepus europaeus), which is up to 6.6 kg (14.6 lb) and 76 cm (30 inches) long.

[edit] Birds (Aves)

The largest living bird, as well as the largest member of the Struthioniformes, is the ostrich (Struthio camelus) reaching a height of over 2.7 m (9 feet) and weighing over 165 kg (365 lb). Eggs laid by the Ostrich can weigh 1.4 kg (3 lb) and are the largest eggs in the world today (and are also the largest single cell of any organism).

The largest bird in the fossil record maybe the extinct Elephant birds of Madagascar, which were related to the Ostrich. They exceeded 3 m (10 feet) and 500 kg (1,120 lb). The last of the elephant birds went extinct about 300 years ago. Of almost the exact same proportions as the largest elephant birds was Dromornis stirtoni of Australia, part of a 26,000 year old group called mihirungs of the family Dromornithidae. The tallest bird ever however was the Giant Moa (Dinornis maximus), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct about 200 years ago. This moa stood up to 3.7 m (12 ft) tall when it was erected in an unnatural position, but weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or mihirung due to its comparatively slender frame. The largest carnivorous bird was the phorusrhacid Brontornis, an extinct flightless bird from South America which reached a weight of 350-400 kg (770-880 lb) and a height of about 2.8 m (9.2 ft).

The largest birds ever capable of flight was Argentavis magnificens, a now extinct member of the Teratornithidae group, with a wingspan of over 7 m (23 feet), a length of over 3 m (10 ft) and a body weight of 80 kg (176 lbs.).

• Tinamous (Tinamiformes). The largest species of tinamou, a group of chunky, elusive ground-birds from tropical America, is the Grey Tinamou (Tinamus tao). It can reach a weight over 2 kg (4.4 lb) and length of over 55 cm (22 inches).
• Waterfowl (Anseriformes). The largest species in general is the Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator), which can reach an overall length of 1.82 m (6 feet), a wingspan of 3 m (10 feet) and a weigh of 17.3 kg (38 lb). However, the heaviest waterfowl ever recorded was an overweight Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) from Poland, who weighed nearly 23 kg (50 lb). The members of the previously mentioned Dromornithidae are now classified as members of this order, making them the largest "waterfowl" that ever lived.
• Gamebirds (Galliformes). The largest member of this diverse order is the Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The largest specimen ever recorded was just short of 14 kg (31 lb) and 130 cm (52 inches). The longest species, if measured from the tip of the bill to the end of the long tail coverts, is the Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus), at up to 3 m (10 feet) long. A prehistoric, flightless family, sometimes called (incorrectly) "giant megapodes" (Sylviornis) were the biggest galliforms ever, having reached 1.70 m (5.6 ft) long and weighed up to about 30 kg (66 lb).
• Grebes (Podicepiformes). The largest species of grebe is the Great Grebe (Podiceps major). It can reach a length of 80 cm (32 inches) and a weigh of over 2 kg (4.4 lb).
• Loons (Gaviiformes). The largest species on average is the Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsii), at up to 1 m (3.3 ft) and 7 kg (15.4 lb). However, one exceptional Common Loon weighed 8 kg (17.6 lb), heavier than any recorded Yellow-billed Loon.
• Tubenoses (Procellariiformes). The largest species is Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), also the bird with the longest wingspan of any living bird. The maximum proportions are a length of 1.44 m (4.6 ft) and a wingspan of 3.6 m (12 ft). Immatures have weighed as much as 13.8 kg (35 lb) at the time of their first flights.
• Penguins (Sphenisciformes). The largest species is easily the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), with a maximum size of 1.35 m (4.3 ft) and 46 kg (102 lb). At one time, possibly to compete with the mammalian pinnipeds, a number of giant penguins existed. The largest is believed to be Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi, having reached a height of nearly 2 m (6.7 ft) and a weigh of up to 135 kg (300 lb).
• Cormorants & allies (Pelecaniformes). The largest species is the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), which attains a length of 1.82 m (6 ft), a wingspan of 3.5 m (11.5 ft) and a body weight of 15 kg (33 lb). A pelecaniform of the last Miocene, Osteodontornis, was the largest-winged bird ever, after Argentavis, at up to 6 m (20 ft) across and 2.1 m (7 ft) long.
• Herons & allies (Ciconiiformes). The largest species, if measured in regard to body weight and wingspan, is the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus), reaching a wingspan of 3.2 m (10.7 ft) and a weight of 15 kg (33 lb). The longest-bodied species is probably the Saddle-billed Stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), which often exceeds 1.5 m (5 ft) tall. Most of the largest flying birds in the fossil record, including the largest, Argentavis magnificens, were members of the Ciconiiformes.
• Flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes). The largest pelican is the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), at up to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall and 4 kg (8.8 lb).

• Birds of prey (Falconiformes). The largest species is the Eurasian Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus), attaining a maximum size of 14 kg (31 lb), 119 cm (47 inches) long and 3 m (10 ft) across the wings. Slightly larger, at up to 1.4 m (4.7 ft) long, 3 m (10 ft) across the wings and weighing at least 15 kg (33 lb), was the now extinct Haast's Eagle (Harpagornis moorei), the largest eagle ever.
• Cranes & allies (Gruiformes). The Great Bustard (Otis tarda) and Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) are the heaviest birds capable of flight, both occasionally exceeding 20 kg (44 lb) and 1.5 m (5 ft) long. The tallest and longest bird flying bird on earth, also represented in the Gruiformes, is the Sarus Crane (Grus antigone), sometimes standing almost 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. The largest ever gruiform was a species of "terror bird", highly predatory, flightless birds of South America: Brontornis burmeisteri. This species stood about 2.8 m (9.2 ft) and weigh up to about 400 kg (880 lb).
• Buttonquail (Turniciformes). The Buff-breasted Buttonquail (Turnix olivei), at up to 22 cm (8.6 inches) and 164 grams (5.8 oz), is the largest of the buttonquail.
• Shorebirds (Charadriiformes). The largest species in this diverse order is the Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus), attaining a size of as much as 85 cm (34 inches) and 2.5 kg (5.5 lb).
• Sandgrouse (Pterocliformes). The Black-bellied Sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis) is the largest sangrouse, at a maximum size of 634 grams (1.4 lb) and 45 cm (18 inches).

• Pigeons (Columbiformes). The largest species of the pigeon/dove complex is the flightless Victoria Crowned Pigeon (Goura victoria). Some exceptionally large ones have reached 3.7 kg (8.2 lb) and 85 cm (34 inches).
• Parrots (Psittaciformes). The longest and largest overall parrot is the endangered Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), reaching nearly 1.2 m (4 ft) long and 2 kg (4.4 lb). However, the heaviest parrot is the nearly-extinct Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), which can weigh over 4 kg (8.8 lb), but doesn't much exceed 60 cm (2 ft).
• Cuckoos & allies (Cuculiformes). The largest species of this order is the Great Blue Turaco (Corythaeola cristata), a cousin of the cuckoos. This species, which can weigh 1.7 kg (3.8 lb) and (due to its long tail) measure nearly 1.2 m (4 ft) long, is much larger than other turacos.
• Owls (Strigiformes). Both the Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) and Blakiston's Fish Owl (Bubo blakistoni) reach very large sizes. Record-sized specimens of both species have weighed in the ballpark of 4.5 kg (10 lb) and measured over 80 cm (32 inches) long. The largest owl known to have existed was Ornimegalonyx oteroi of Cuba, having measured over 1 m (3.3 ft) tall.
• Nightjars & allies (Caprimulgiformes). The largest species of this order is the Great Potoo (Nycitbius grandis), the maximum size of which is about 680 grams (1.5 lb) and 60 cm (2 ft).
• Swifts & allies (Apodiformes). The White-naped Swift (Streptoprocne semicollaris) and the Purple Needletail (Hirundapus celebensis) reach similar large sizes, at up to 225 gram (8 oz) and 25 cm (10 inches). The hummingbirds are also traditionally included in this order, the largest species of which is easily the Giant Hummingbird (Patagona gigas).
• Mousebirds (Coliiformes). The mousebirds are remarkably uniform, but the largest species is seemingly the Speckled Mousebird (Colius striatus), at 57 grams (2 oz) and over 35 cm (14 inches).

• Trogons (Trogoniformes). The Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) is much larger than most trogons. It often exceeds 225 grams (8 oz) and is at least 35 cm (14 inches) along the head-and-body, with the remarkable tail of the male adding 60 cm (2 ft) to the length.
• Kingfishers & allies (Coraciiformes). The largest species is the Southern Ground Hornbill, reaching sizes of as much as 6 kg (13.5 lb) and nearly 1.2 m (4 ft) in length.
• Woodpeckers & allies (Piciformes). The largest species of this diverse order is the Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco). The maximum size of this tropical forest bird is possibly as much as 1 kg (2.2 lb) and 75 cm (30 inches).
• Songbirds (Passeriformes). Both the Common Raven (Corvus corax) and the Thick-billed Raven (Corvus crassirostris) are enormous by songbird standards. Both of these birds can exceed 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and 70 cm (28 inches).

[edit] Reptiles (Reptilia)

The largest living reptile, a representative of the order Crocodilia, is the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), with adult males being typically 4.5–5 m (14.8-16.5 ft) long, although the largest recorded crocodile was 8.63 m (28.3 feet) in length and weighed over 2000 kg (4400 pounds)[5]. Average-sized males weigh over 450 kg (1,000 lb). Females are much smaller than males, with typical female body lengths in the range of 2.5–3 m (8.2-10 ft). Extinct crocodilians were sometimes much larger, such as Deinosuchus, at up to 12 m (40 ft) and 9.1 tonnes (10 tons) and Sarcosuchus imperator, at up to 15 m (50 ft) and 13.6 tonnes (15 tons).

• Lizards & snakes (Squamata). The most massive member of this reptilian superorder is the Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus). The maximum verified size is 9.5 m (31.4 ft) and 250 kg (550 lb), although much larger anacondas have been reported. Even longer, the Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus), can be up to 10 m (33 ft), but is more slender than the anaconda. The largest of the living lizards is the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis). The largest lizard and squamata ever, Varanus prisca, could have possibly weighed as much as 2.7 tonnes (3 tons) and measured up to 9 m (30 ft) long.
• Tuataras (Sphenodontia). The larger of the 2 extant species of tuatara is the Brothers Island tuatara (Sphenodon guntheri). The maximum size is 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and 76 cm (30 inches).
• Turtles (Testudines). The largest living turtle is the Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), reaching a maximum size of nearly 2.7 m (9 ft) and a weight of 932 kg (2050 lb). There are many extinct turtles that vie for the title of the largest animal ever. The largest seems to be Archelon ischyros, which reached a size of 4.84 m (16 ft) and a weight of 5.1 tonnes (5.7 tons).

• Dinosaurs (Dinosauria); now extinct. The tallest and heaviest dinosaur known from a complete skeleton is the Brachiosaurus (now Giraffatitan) which was discovered in Tanzania between 1907–1912, and is now mounted in the Humboldt Museum of Berlin. It is 12 m (38 ft) tall, and probably weighed between 30,000–60,000 kg (30–65 tons). The longest is the 27 m (89 ft) long Diplodocus which was discovered in Wyoming, and mounted in Pittsburgh's Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907.

There are bigger dinosaurs, but they are known from only a small handful of bones. The current record holders all date from the 1970s or later, and include the massive Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 80,000–100,000 kg (90–110 tons); the longest, the 40 m (130 ft) long Supersaurus; and the tallest, the 18 m (60 ft) Sauroposeidon, which could have reached into a 6th-floor window. Seismosaurus was once thought to have measured around 50 m (160 ft) in length, making it the longest known vertebrate, but more recent reconstructions have dropped this figure significantly — down to 40 m (130 ft).

Less well described finds may even exceed this. Bruhathkayosaurus may have weighed as much as a blue whale and have been considerably longer, and the almost mythical Amphicoelias fragillimus would have been bigger still, but Bruhathkayosaurus is based on very poor material, and Amphicoelias's only fossil was destroyed soon after discovery.

It should be noted that among the carnivore dinosaurs, Spinosaurus was the largest.

• Another dinosaur-era reptile also is believed to have been the largest flying animal that ever existed, the pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus northropi. The maximum size of this soaring giant was believed to have been about 127 kg (280 lb) and 13.6 m (45 ft) across the wings.

[edit] Amphibians (Amphibia)

The largest living amphibian is the Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). The maximum size of this river-dweller is 64 kg (140 lb) and 1.83 m (6 ft). In ancient times, before dinosaurs were the predominant creatures on earth, several giant amphibians are known. The largest known was the crocodile-like Prionosuchus, which reached a length of 9 m (30 ft).

• Caecilian (Gymnophiana). The largest of the worm-like caecilians is the Thomson’s Caecilian (Caecilia thompsoni), which reaches a length of 1.5 m (5 feet) and can weigh up to about 1 kg (2.2 lb).
• Frogs (Anura). Easily the largest member of the largest order of amphibians is the African Goliath frog (Conraua goliath). The maximum size of this species is a weight of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb) and a length of 35 cm (14 inches).

[edit] Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)

The largest living bony fish is the Ocean Sunfish, a member of the order Tetraodontiformes. Sunfish have been recorded at sizes as large as a length of nearly 3.6 m (12 ft), a width of 4.5 m (15 feet) from fin to fin and a weight of about 2,273 kg (5000 lb). Much larger bony fish existed prehistorically, the largest ever known having been Leedsichthys, of the Jurassic period. Estimates of the size of this fish range from 13.5 m (45 ft) to 30 m (100 ft), but a maximum size of 22 m (72 ft) seems most realistic.

• Sturgeons (Acipenseriformes). The largest species is the huge Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso). The maximum recorded size of this endangered species is nearly 7.9 m (26 ft) and 2075 kg (4,565 lb).
• Gars (Lepisosteiformes). The largest of the gar, and the largest entirely freshwater fish in North America, is the Alligator Gar (Atractosteus spatula), reaching a size of 3 m (10 ft) and 140 kg (310 lb).

• Bony-tongued Fish (Osteoglossiformes). The largest species is the South American fish usually known as the Pirarucu (Arampaimas giga). This laterally compressed fish can reach a size of about 3m and a weight of 202 kg (455 lb).
• Eels (Anguilliformes). The largest species, if measured in weight and overall bulk, is the Conger Eel (Conger conger). The maximum size of this species is 2.87 m (9.5 ft) and 111 kg (245 lb). Getting slightly longer, at up to 3 m (10 ft) but never exceeding 36 kg (80 lb), is the Giant Moray (Gymnothorax javanicus).
• Herring (Clupeiformes). The largest herring is probably the Dorab Wolf Herring (Chirocentrus dorab). The maximum size of this species has been reported as much as 1.83 m (6 ft), but these slender fish have never been recorded as exceeding 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) in weight.
• Shellears & allies (Gonorynchiformes). The well-known Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the largest member of this order. The maximum size is 22.7 kg (50 lb) and 1.84 m (6.1 ft) long.
• Carp (Cypriniformes). The largest species today is probably the Giant Barb (Catlocarpio siamensis), which reaches a size of as much as 3 m (10 ft) and a weight of as much as 300 kg (660 lb). In centuries past, the Mahseer (Barbus tor) was reported to reach similar or even larger proportions, but large specimens are quite rare recently.
• Characins (Characiformes). The largest species is the Giant Tigerfish (Hydrocynus goliath). The top size of this fish is 1.5 m (5 ft) and 70.5 kg (155 lb).
• Catfish (Siluriformes). Most authorities now give the crown of the largest catfish to the Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas). This huge fish can reach a size of over 3 m (10 ft) and a weight of 356 kg (785 lb). However, the Wels Catfish (Silurus glanis) may possibly measure longer. Scientifically, the largest wels recorded was 3 m (10 ft) and 220 kg (484 lb).
• Salmon & allies (Salmoniformes). The largest species is the Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). The maximum size of this fish is 61.4 kg (135 lb) and 1.5 m (5 ft) long.

• Bristlemouths (Stomiiformes). The largest of the bristlemouths is the Short-tailed Barbeled Dragonfish (Opostomias micripnus). The top size of a female of this species is probably over 452 kg (1 lb) and 50 cm (20 inches) long.
• Grinners (Aulopiformes). The largest member of this order is the Lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox). Slender, with a huge, dramatic spine, these fish can reach 5.4 kg (12 lb) and 2.1 m (7 ft).
• Laternfish (Myctophiformes). The largest of the numerous but small laternfish is the Bolin’s Laternfish (Gymnoscopelus bolini), at up to 249 grams (8.8 oz) and 35 cm (14 inches).
• Cod (Gadiformes). The largest cod species, although it rarely reachs large sizes anymore due to heavy fishing, is the Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua). The maximum recorded size of this species is 2 m (6.7 ft) long and 96 kg (212 lb).
• Pearlfish & allies (Ophidiiformes). The largest member of this order is the Giant Cuskeel (Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi). A cuskeel can be nearly 2 m (6.7 ft) long, but even large fish probably aren't much over 10 kg (22 lb) since they are quite slender.
• Toadfish (Batrachoidiformes). The largest toadfish is the Pacuma Toadfish (Batrachoides surinamensis), reaching a size of up to 2.27 kg (5 lb) and 58 cm (23 inches).
• Anglerfish (Lophiiformes). The largest of this diverse, bizarre order is the Common Goosefish (Lophius piscatorius). This big-mouthed fish can attain a size of 58 kg (127 lb) and a length of 1.9 m (6.2 ft).
• Flying-fish & allies (Beloniformes). The largest member of this order, best known for its members ability to breach the water and zip through the sky, is the Agujon Needlefish (Tylosurus acus), a slender fish at up to 1.5 m (5 ft) and a weight of 3.7 kg (8.2 lb).
• Killifish & allies (Cyprinodontiformes). The largest species is the Pacific Four-eyed Fish (Anableps dowei), reaching a size of 33 cm (13 inches) and 588 grams (1.3 lb).
• Minnows & allies (Atheriniformes). An order best known for its small minnow respresentatives, the largest species is the Jacksmelt (Atherinopsis californiensis). Although it reaches 45 cm (18 inches), it is not known to even reach 450 grams (1 lb).
• Ribbonfish & allies (Lampriformes). The largest member of this small but fascinating order is the Oarfish (Regalecus glesne), also the longest bony fish on earth. Slender and compressed, this fish averages over 6 m (20 ft) long and can weigh 275 kg (605 lb). One fish was 11.3 m (37.3 ft) long, but there is a possibility that the oarfish reaches 16 m (55 ft).
• Squirrelfish (Beryciformes). Best known for their highly poisonous barbs, the squirrelfish largest respresentative is the Giant Squirrelfish (Sargocentron spiniferum), at up to 60 cm (24 inches) and 3.5 kg (7.7 lb).
• Dories (Zeiformes). The largest species of dory is the Cape Dory (Zeus capensis), reaching a size of 90 cm (36 inches) and a weight of 20 kg (44 lb).

• Seahorses & allies (Syngnathiformes). The largest of this diverse order is the Red Cornetfish (Fistularia petimba), reaching a length of 2 m (6.6 ft) and weight of over 4.5 kg (10 lb).
• Sculpins (Scorpaeniformes). Although less venomous than many smaller fish in the same order, the Skilfish (Erilepis zonifer) is largest sculpin. The maximum size is 1.9 m (6.2 ft) and the weight can be 90 kg (200 lb).
• Perches & allies (Perciformes). The title of the largest member of this order, the largest order of all vertebrates, is a matter of some debate. A large marlin is the biggest of these fishes, as they are known to exceed even the huge Northern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in size. The Black Marlin (Makaira indica), the Atlantic Blue Marlin (Makaira nigricans) and the Indo-Pacific Blue Marlin (Makaira mazara) all reach similar large sizes, at up to 900 kg (2,000 lb) and 4.7 m (15.5 ft).
• Flatfish (Pleuronectiformes). The largest of the well-known and heavily-fished flatfish is the Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). This giant can reach 363 kg (800 lb) and 2.67 m (8.8 ft), although fish even approaching this size would be extraordinary these days.

[edit] Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes)

The largest living cartilaginous fish, of the order Orectolobiformes, is the whale shark, verified in size at up to 13.6 m (45 feet) long and 22 tons (44,000 lb). There are many accounts of larger Whale Sharks, with a strong possibility that this species can reach 18 m (60 ft) in length and weigh over 40 tonnes (44 tons).

• Dogfish (Squaliformes). The largest member of this order is the Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus). This species probably reaches 7.2 m (24 ft) and large specimens weigh over 1364 kg (3,000 lb).
• Angelsharks (Squatiniformes). The largest of the bottom-dwelling angelsharks is the Monkfish (Squatina squatina), attaining a size of 100 kg (220 lb) and 2.42 m (8 ft).
• Mackerel sharks (Lamniformes). The largest living species is the Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus), also the second largest fish. The maximum, verified size for this shark is 12.4 m (41 ft) and weight is 16 tonnes (17.6 tons). An even larger lamnid, generally regarded as the largest predatory fish ever, is the Megalodon, a relative of the great white shark. The top size of this species has probably been exaggerated in the past, but a large Megalodon probably reached 16 m (52.8 ft) and weighed 36 tonnes (40 tons).

• Whaler Sharks (Carcharhiniformes). The largest species of this order is the Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier). This species can attain a weight of at least 1527 kg (3,360 lb) and length of possibly as much as 6.4 m (21 ft).
• Skates (Rajiformes). The largest and most diverse order of rays' largest species is the Giant Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis). The top size of the species is 250 kg (550 lbs) and 3.1 m (10.2 ft).
• Stingrays & allies (Myliobatiformes). Both the largest species of this order and the largest of the rays is the Manta Ray (Manta birostris). This peaceful levithan can reach a size of 3 tonnes (3.3 tons), a "disk" width of 7.6 m (25 ft) and a length of 5 m (16.5 ft).
• Sawfish (Pristiniformes). These little known cartilaginous fish can often reach huge sizes. The largest bulk recorded for a sawfish is for Southern Sawfish (Pristis perotteti), which weighed 2.4 tonnes (2.7 tons). At this weight, the sawfish must have measured nearly 9 m (30 ft).

[edit] Invertebrates

[edit] Sponges (Porifera)

Arguably the most primitive form of "animals" in existence, the largest species of sponge is the Barrel Sponge (Xestospongia muta). These massively-built sponges can reach 2.42 m (8 ft) in height and can be of about the same number of feet across the thickest part of the "body".

• Calcareous sponges (Calcarea). The largest of these small, inconspicuous sponges is probably the species Pericharax heteroraphis, attaining a height of 30 cm (1 ft). Most calcareous sponges do not exceed 10 cm (4 inches) tall.
• Hexactinellid sponges (Hexactinellida). A relatively common species, Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni, can reach a height of 1 m (3.3 ft) once they are of a very old age. This is the maximum size recorded for a hexactinellid sponge.

[edit] Cnidarians (Cnidaria)

The lion's mane jellyfish is the largest cnidaria (jellyfish) species, of the class Scyphozoa. The largest specimens of this giant can attain a bell diameter of 2.5 m (8 feet), a weight of 150 kg (330 lbs.) and can possess tentacles as long as 30 m (100 feet) or more.

• Corals and sea-anemones (Anthozoa). The largest individual species are the sea-anemones of the genus Discoma, which can attain a mouth disc diameter of 60 cm (2 ft). Longer, but much less massive overall, are the anemones of the genus Ceriantharia, at up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Communities of coral can be truly massive, a single colony of the Porites genus can be over 10 m (33 ft), but the actual individual organisms are quite small.
• Box jellyfish (Cubozoa). The largest of the box jellyfish is the species Chironex fleckeri, which can attain a mass of 6 kg (13.2 lb), a 30 cm (1 foot) bell and a tentacle length up to 2 m (6.6 ft). This species is also the most common and dangerous box jelly.

[edit] Parasites (Platyhelminthes)

The largest species of this phylum of parasites, called flatworms in common language, is the Greenhouse Planarian (Bipalium kewense), of the class Turbellaria. This attacker-of-plants reaches a length of 60 cm (2 ft) and is quite massive for flatworm.

• Monogenean flatworms (Monogenea). The largest members of this group of very small parasites are among the genus of capsalids , Listrocephalos, reaching a length of 2 cm (0.8 inches).
• Flukes (Trematoda). The largest species of fluke is Fasciolopsis buski, which most often attacking humans and livestock. One of these flukes can be up to 7.5 cm (3 inches) long and 2 cm (0.8 inches) thick.
• Tapeworms (Cestoda). The largest species of tapeworm is commonly called the Fish Tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum), since they are commonly contracted from eating fish. This devastating parasite has been recorded as reaching a length of 20 m (66 ft) in the internal organs of a human.

[edit] Roundworms (Nematoda)

The largest species of the roundworm phylum is the species Ascaris lumbricoides. Attacking humans, as well as many other animals, they can reach 60 cm (24 inches) in length and can have a width of 3 mm (0.01 inches).

[edit] Segmented worms (Annelida)

The largest of the segmented worms is the African Giant Earthworm (Microcahetus rappi). This huge worm can reach a length of as much as 6.7 m (22 ft) and can weigh over 1.5 kg (3.1 lb). Only the Giant Gippsland Earthworm (Megascolides australis) and a few giant polychaetes reach nearly comparable sizes, reaching 4 m (13 feet) and 3.6 m (11.9 feet), respectably.

[edit] Enchinoderms (Echinodermata)

The largest species of enchinoderm in terms of bulk is the starfish species, Thromidia catalai, of the class Asteroidea, which reaches a weight of over 6 kg (13.2 lb). However, at a maximum span of 63 cm (25 inches), it is quite a bit shorter than some other enchinoderms. The longest-bodied enchinoderm is the brisingid starfish Midgardia xandaros, reaching a span of 1.4 m (4.5 ft), despite being quite slender.

• Crinoids (Crinoidea). The largest species of crinoid is the Unstalked Feather-star (Heliometra glacialis), reaching a total width of 78 cm (31 inches) and an indidvidual arm length of 35 cm (14 inches).
• Sea-urchins & allies (Echinoidea). The largest sea urchin is the species Sperosoma giganteum, which can reach a shell width of 33 cm (13 inches).
• Sea-cucumbers (Holothuroidea). The bulkiest species of sea cucumber is Stichopus variegatus, weighing several pounds, being about 21 cm (8.3 inches) in diameter, and reaching a length of 1 m (3.3 ft) when fully extended. Species of sea cucumber in the genus Synapta can reach an extended length of 2 m (6.6 ft), but are extremely slender.
• Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea). The largest known specimen of brittle star is Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni. This species can measured 70 cm (28 inches) in arm length and has a disk diameter of about 14.3 cm (5.63 inches).

[edit] Ribbon Worms (Nemertea)

The largest nemertean, and the longest known animal, is the bootlace worm (Lineus longissimus). A specimen found washed ashore on a beach in St. Andrews, Scotland in 1864 was recorded at a length of 55 m (180 ft).

[edit] Mollusks (Mollusca)

Both the largest mollusk and the largest of all invertebrates is the Giant Squid (Architeuthis dux), measuring up to 13 m (43 ft) or more from tenacle tip to tail tip. The largest specimen known measured 17.6 m (58 ft) long and is thought to have weighed at least 2 tonnes (2.2 tons). Interestingly, the Giant Squid also has the second largest eyes for any animal in the world measuring 50 cm (20 in). However, the newly-discovered Colossal Squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni), which is known from a juvenile specimen, may equal or exceed the Giant Squid in mass, if not in length.

• Aplacophorans (Aplacophora). The largest of these worm-like, shell-less mollusks are represented in the genus Epimenia, which can reach 30 cm (12 inches) long. Most aplacophorans are less than 5 cm (2 inches) long.
• Chitons (Polyplacophora). The largest of the chitons is the Gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), which can reach a length of 33 cm (13 inches).
• Bivalves (Bivalvia). The largest of the bivalve mollusks is the Giant Clam (Tridacna gigas). Although even more enormous sizes have been reported for this monstrous but passive animal, the top verified size is 273 kg (600 lb), 1.16 m (3.85 ft) in length and 76 cm (30 inches) wide.
• Gastropods (Gastropoda). The largest of this most diverse and successful mollusk class is the Trumpet or Baler Conch (Syrinx aruanus), reaching a size of 16.4 kg (36 lb), a length of 70 cm (28 inches) and a width of 96 cm (38 inches). The largest of the terrestrial snails is the Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica), at up to 1 kg (2.2 lb) and 35 cm (14 inches) long.
• Cephalopods (Cephalopoda). While generally much smaller than the giant Architeuthis and Mesonychoteuthis, the largest of the octopuses, the Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), can be very large. The largest of these octopuses reached 273 kg (600 lb) and had a total length, with tentacles extended, of 9.6 m (31.7 ft).

[edit] Arthropods (Arthropoda)

The Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi), a crustacean of the class Malacostraca, is the largest arthropod in the world in overall size, weighing up to 20 kg (44 lb), have a body up to 60 cm (2 ft) long and having a leg span of almost 4 m (13 feet). However, the American Lobster (Homarus americanus), another crustacean, rivals the crab in many regards. This lobster has been recorded at heavier weights, up to 22 kg (48.4 lb), and can measure 1.18 m (3.9 ft) along the body.

• Arachnids (Arachnida). The largest species of arachnid is probably the Goliath birdeater (Theraphosa blondi). However, of very comparable dimensions and possibly even greater mass, are the Chaco golden knee (Grammostola aureostriata) and the Brazilian salmon pink (Lasiodora parahybana). Any of these huge New World "tarantulas" have been recorded as reaching a leg width of 28 cm (11 inches), a body length over 9 cm (3.5 inches) and a body weight exceeding 85 grams (3 oz), making them dinner plate-sized spiders. The largest of the scorpions is the species Heterometrus swammerdami. The overall length of this predator can reach 29 cm (11.5 inches) long and a weight of up to 57 grams (2 oz).
• Horseshoe crabs (Merostomata). The four modern horseshoe crabs are of roughly the same sizes, at up to 60 cm (2 ft) in length. Easily the best known species is Limulus polyphemus of North America. Very closely related was the now extinct class, Eurypterida, which includes species, such as Pterygotus, that measured up to 2.3 m (7.6 ft). The Eurypterida are the largest arthropods ever known.
• Sea spiders (Pycnogonida). The largest of the sea spiders is the deep-sea species Colossendeis colossea, attaining a leg span of nearly 60 cm (2 ft).
• Centipedes (Chilopoda). The biggest of the centipedes is the Amazonian Giant Centipede (Scolopendra gigantean), reaching a relatively enormous length of 33 cm (13 inches).
• Millipedes (Diplopoda). Two species of millipede both reach a very large size Graphidostreptus gigas and Scaphistostreptus seychellarum. Both of these species can slightly exceed a length of 28 cm (11 inches). The 300-million year old Arthropleura, either a primitive millipede or a close relative, was the largest land invertebrate ever, having measured at least 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long and 45 cm (18 inches) wide.
• Brine shrimp (Branchiopoda). The largest of these primitive, primarily freshwater crustaceans is probably Apus australiensis, which can reach a length 7 cm (2.8 inches) in mature males.
• Remipedes (Remipedia). The largest of these cave-dwelling crustaceans is the species Godzillius robustus, at up to 4.5 cm (1.8 inches).
• Barnacles & allies (Maxillopoda). The largest species is a copepod (Pennella balaenopterae), known exclusively as a parasite from the backs of Fin Whales. The maximum size attained is 32 cm (about 13 inches). The largest of the barnacles is Giant Acorn Barnacle (Balanus nubilis), reaching 7 cm (2.8 inches) in diameter and 12.7 cm (5 inches) high.
• Ostracods (Ostracoda). The largest of these small and little-known but numerous crustaceans is the species Gigantocypris agassizii, reaching a maximum length of 3 cm (1.3 inches).

[edit] Insects (Insecta)

Insects, which are a type of arthropod, are easily the most numerous organisms on the planet, with about a million species identified so far. The title of heaviest insect in the world has many rivals, the most frequently-crowned of which is the Goliath Beetle (Goliathus goliatus), the top size of which is at least 115 grams (4.1 oz) and 11.5 cm (4.5 inches). However, other beetles rival this size: the Elephant Beetles (Megasoma elephas & Megasoma actaeon), the Titan beetle (Titanus giganteus) and even another form of goliath beetle (Goliathus regius), any of which can easily exceed 85 grams (3 oz) and 10 cm (4 inches).

• Mayflies (Ephemeroptera). The largest mayflies are members of the Proboscidoplocia genus from Madagascar. These insects can reach a length of 5 cm (2 inches).
• Dragonflies (Odonata). The largest living species of dragonfly is Megaloprepus caeruleata, attaining a size of as much as 19 cm (7.5 inches) across the wings and a body length of over 12 cm (4.7 inches). A species of dragonfly called Meganeura monyi from the Jurassic era is the largest insect species ever known. This monstrous creature had a wingspan of over 76 cm (30 inches) and a body weight of over 452 grams (1 lb), making it about the size of a crow.
• Stoneflies (Plecoptera). The largest species of stonefly is Pteronarcys californica, a species favored by fishermen for use. This species can attain a length of 5 cm (2 inches) and a wingspan of nearly 7.5 cm (3 inches).
• Earwigs (Dermaptera). The largest of the earwigs is the St. Helena Earwig (Labidura herculeana), which is up to 8.4 cm (3.3 inches) in length.
• Grasshoppers & allies (Orthoptera). The largest of this widespread, varied complex of insects is the Giant Weta (Deinacrida heteracantha) of New Zealand. This formidable insect can weigh over 75 grams (2.6 oz) and measure up to nearly 10 cm (4 inches), rivaling the huge beetles in size.
• Stick insects (Phasmatodea). The largest stick insect and the longest-bodied insect in the world is the Giant Stick Insect (Phobaeticus kirbyi). The body alone measures up to 30 cm (12 inches), while the overall length (from the hind to the front legs) is up to 51 cm (20 inches), and the body weight is up to 72 grams (2.5 oz).
• Cockroaches (Blattodea). The largest cockroach is the Giant burrowing cockroach (Macropanesthia rhinoceros). This species can attain a length of 8.3 cm (3.3 inches) and a weight of 36 grams (1.3 oz).
• Termites (Isoptera). The largest of the the termites is the African species Macrotermes bellicosus. The huge larvae of this species can attain a size of 10.6 cm (4.2 inches) and 5.5 cm (2.2 inches) wide; the adults, on the other hand, don't exceed about a third of the size of the larvae.
• Praying mantises (Mantodea). The largest species of this order is the well-known Chinese Mantis (Tenodera aridifolia). The females of this species can attain a length of up to 10.6 cm (4.2 inches).
• Booklice (Psocoptera). The largest of this order of very small insects are the barklouse of the genus Psocus, the top size of which is about 1 cm (0.4 inches).
• Thrips (Thysanoptera). Members of the genus Phasmothrips are the largest kinds of thrips. The maximum size of these species is approximately 1.3 cm (0.5 inches).
• True bugs (Hemiptera). The largest species of this diverse, huge order is the Giant Water Bug (Lethocerus maximus). This species can attain a size of 11.6 cm (4.6 inches), although it is more slender and thus less heavy than most other insects who reach such a size (principally the huge beetles).
• Ants & allies (Hymenoptera). The absolute largest of the ants, and the heaviest species of the order, is the females of Dorylus helvolus, reaching a size of 5 cm (2 inches). The ant that averages the largest for the mean size of the whole colony is Dinoponera gigantea, averaging up to 3.3 cm (1.3 inches). The largest of the bee species, also in the Hymenoptera order, is Megachile pluto, the females of which can be 3.8 cm (1.5 inches) long, with a 6.3 cm (2.5 inches) wingspan. Meanwhile, the largest of the wasp is probably the so-called tarantula hawk species Pepsis pulszkyi, at up to 6.8 cm (2.8 inches) long and a 11.6 cm (4.6 inch) wingspan, although many other Pepsis approach a similar size.
• Beetles (Coleoptera). The beetles are the largest order of organisms on earth, with about 350,000 species so far identified. The true largest species are the Goliathus, Megasoma and Titanus beetles already mentioned. However, the longest-bodied species is the Hercules Beetle (Dynastes hercules), reaching a maximum size of at least 19 cm (7.5 inches). Much of the length is comprised by the anntenae and the top weight is 85 grams (3 oz), about an ounce less than the bulkier beetles.

• Fleas (Siphonaptera). The largest species of flea is Hystrichopsylla schefferi. This parasite is known exclusively from the fur of the Mountain Beaver and can reach a length of 1.2 cm (0.5 inches).
• True flies (Diptera). The largest species of this huge order is the species Mydas heros, which can reach a length of 6 cm (2.4 inches) and a wingspan of 10 cm (4 inches). Species of crane fly, the largest of which is Holorusia brobdignagius, can attain a length of 23 cm (9 inches), but are extremely slender and are handily outweighed by Mydas.
• Moths & allies (Lepidoptera). The largest species is probably either the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae), a butterfly, or the Atlas moth (Attacus atlas), a moth. Both of these species can exceed a length of 8 cm (3.2 inches), a wingspan of 28 cm (11 inches) and a weight of 12 grams. Their larvae can weigh up to 58 grams (1.9 oz). However, the White Witch (Thysania agrippina) has the longest recorded wingspan of the order, and indeed of any living insect, at up to at least 30 cm (12 inches). The White Witch is exceeded in surface area and mass by both Ornithoptera and Attacus.

[edit] Plants

The largest single-stem plants are all members of the conifer division. By volume and mass, the largest tree is the Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum). They grow to an average height of 70–85 m (230–280 ft) and 5–7 m (16–23 ft) in diameter. Specimens have been recorded to be up to 93.6 m (307 ft) in height and (not the same individual) 8.85 m (29 ft) in diameter; the largest individual is the General Sherman tree, with a volume of 1489 m³. Although not so large in volume, the closely related Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is taller, reaching a maximum height of 115.25 m (380.3 ft). See record trees for other tree records.

• Green algae (Chlorophyta). The largest form of algae is the huge form of seaweed from the northwestern Pacific known as the Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). The record-sized stem from one of these just slightly exceeded 60 m (200 ft).
• Liverworts (Marchantiophyta). The largest species of liverwort is a New Zealand species, Schistochila appendiculata. The top size of this species is 1.1 m (3.6 ft) long, a diameter of 2.5 cm (1 inch) and a stem length of 10 cm (4 inches).
• Mosses (Bryophyta). The world's largest moss is Dawsonia superba, of New Zealand. This species can be 50 cm (20 inches) tall.
• Horsetails (Equisetophyta). The largest of horsetails is the species Equisetum myriochaetum, of central Mexico. The biggest specimen known was 8 m (26.4 ft) tall and had a diameter of 2.5 cm (1 inch).
• Ferns (Pteridophyta). The largest species of fern is the majestic King Fern (Angiopteris evecta), of the Australasian area. A single frond of this plant can exceed 5 m (16.5 ft) in height.
• Conifers (Pinophyta). Besides the giant Sequoiadendron and Sequoia already mentioned, the conifers also include the largest tree by circumference in the world, the Montezuma Cypress (Taxodium mucronatum). The thickest recorded tree, found in Mexico, is called Árbol del Tule, with a circumference of 35.87 m (118.3 ft) and a diameter of 11.42 m (37.5 ft) at 1.5 m (5 ft) above ground level.
• Cycads (Cycadophyta). The largest species of cycad is Hope's Cycad (Lepidozamia hopei), of the Queensland area of Australia. The largest examples of this species have been over 17 m (56 ft) tall and have had a diameter of over 50 cm (20 inches).
• Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). This is the most diverse and numerous division of plants, with upwards of 400,000 species. Typically the largest flowering plant (angiosperm) has been considered Eucalyptus regnans, which can reach heights of 92 m (304 ft)[6].

However, there are arguments that forests of trees with interconnected roots (a single organism genetically) are actually the largest organisms and the largest flowering plants. The largest of these is a clonal colony of male Aspen in Utah, nicknamed Pando (Populus tremuloides), which is estimated to weigh in at approximately 6000 tonnes (6615 tons).^{[citation needed]}

Another form of flowering plant that rivals Pando as the largest organism on earth is the giant marine plant, Posidonia oceanica, discovered in the Mediterranean Sea near the Balearic Islands, Spain. Its whopping length is about 8 km (4.3 miles). Although this plant has not yet proved itself to be a single organism, all the samples do have the same DNA. It is also thought to be the oldest living organism in the world since its estimated age is about 100,000 years.

Other records among flowering plants include, the title of largest flower, which belongs to the species Rafflesia arnoldii. One of these flowers can reach a diameter of 1 m (3.3 ft) and weigh up to 11 kg (24 lb). The largest unbranched inflorescence, resembling (but no qualifying as) a giant flower, belongs to the Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum), reaching almost 3 m (10 ft) in height. The absolute largest inflorescence, at up to 8 m (26.5 ft) long, is borne by the Talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera) of India.

[edit] Other kingdoms

The largest fungus may be a honey fungus of the species Armillaria ostoyae. One genetically constant mycelium has been found over an area of more than 8.9 km² (3.4 square miles), though it is unlikely that it is a truly single organism with all parts of the mycelium connected (if it's counted as a single organism, it may be the largest organism on earth). In this Armillaria each individual mushroom has only a 5 cm (2 inch) stem and a bell of up to 12.5 cm (5 inches) across. There are many other fungi of a larger individual size, the largest being Rigidoporus ulmarius. Rigidoporus is up to 284 kg (626 lb), 1.66 m (5’6” feet) tall, 1.46 m (4’10” feet) across, and has a circumference of 4.9 m (16’2” feet).

Among the organisms that are not multicellular, the largest are the slime moulds, such as Physarum polycephalum, some of which can cover an area more than 1000 square cm (210.8 ft). The largest species traditionally considered protozoa are giant amoeboids like foraminiferans, which can attain a size of 20 cm (8 inches).

The largest species of bacterium ever discovered is Thiomargarita namibiensis, which grows to 0.75 mm (0.03 inches) in diameter, making it visible to the naked eye and up to a million times the size of more typical bacteria. The largest known virus is the mimivirus (Acanthamoeba polyphaga), with mature particles of 400 nm in diameter (icosahedral capsid), 800,000 bases and 900 genes. Later research suggested that it could be up to 800 nm long, 1.2 Mbp and 1260 genes.

[edit] See also

• Bloop
• Deep-sea gigantism
• Giant animal
• Largest body part

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• ↑  The General Sherman Tree, Sequoia National Park at the National Park Service. Accessed 20 August 2005.
• ↑  The Humongous Fungus--Ten Years Later at the University of Wisconsin, Department of Botany. Accessed 20 August 2005.
• ↑  Beale, Bob. 10 April 2003. Humungous fungus: world's largest organism? at Environment & Nature News, ABC Online. Accessed 20 August 2005.