Resplendent Quetzal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1 Description
2 Behavior
3 Myth and legend
4 Etymology
5 External images
6 References
7 External links

iResplendent Quetzal

Male

Conservation status

Near Threatened (NT)

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Trogoniformes
Family:	Trogonidae
Genus:	Pharomachrus
Species:	P. mocinno

Binomial name

Pharomachrus mocinno
(De la Llave, 1832)

Ref: ITIS 553589

For other uses, see Resplendent Quetzal (disambiguation).

The Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) is a spectacular bird of the trogon family. It is found from southern Mexico to western Panama (unlike the other quetzals, which are found in South America and eastern Panama). There are two subspecies, P. m. mocinno and P. m. costaricensis, the Costa Rican Resplendent Quetzal. This quetzal plays an important role in Mesoamerican myth.

[edit] Description

This species is 36 cm (14 in) long, plus up to 64 cm (25 in) of tail streamer for the male, and weighs 210 g (7 oz).

Resplendent Quetzals have a green body (showing iridescence from green-gold to blue-violet) and red breast. Their green upper tail coverts hide their tails and in breeding males are particularly splendid, being longer than the rest of the body. The wing coverts are also unusually long and give a fringed appearance. The male has a helmet-like crest.

The "song" is a treble syllable described as kyow or like "a whimpering pup", often in pairs, which may be repeated monotonously. Resplendent Quetzals have other unmusical calls as well.

[edit] Behavior

Resplendent Quetzals have a mixed diet including insects (notably wasps, ants, and larvae), frogs, and fruit. Particularly important are wild avocados and other fruit of the laurel family, which the birds swallow whole before regurgitating the pit.

Their habitat is mountain forests. Resplendent Quetzals usually live alone when not breeding. When breeding, females lay two pale blue eggs in a nest placed in a hole which they carve in a rotten tree. A tree in such an advanced stage of decomposition is susceptible to weather damage, and the availability of suitable trees may limit the Resplendent Quetzal population.

Both parents take turns at incubating, their long tail feathers folded forwards over the back and out of the hole. The incubation period lasts about 18 days, during which the male generally incubates the eggs during the day while the female incubates them at night. When the eggs hatch, both parents take care of the young, feeding them insects, lizards, and small frogs. However, the female often neglects and even abandons the young near the end of the rearing period, leaving it up to the male to continue caring for the offspring until they are ready to survive on their own.

Resplendent Quetzals are weak fliers. Common predators include the Ornate Hawk Eagle, owls, squirrels, and the Kinkajou (Pribor 1999).

[edit] Myth and legend

The Resplendent Quetzal was considered divine, associated with the "snake god," Quetzalcoatl by Pre-Columbian Central American civilizations. Their iridescent green tail feathers, symbols for spring plant growth, were venerated by the ancient Mayas and Aztecs, who viewed the quetzal as the "god of the air" and as a symbol of goodness and light. Mesoamerican rulers and some nobility of other ranks wore headdresses made from quetzal feathers, symbolically connecting them to Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatl was the creator god and god of wind, often depicted with grey hair. In several Mesoamerican languages, the term for quetzal can also mean precious, sacred or erected.

Until recently, it was thought that the Resplendent Quetzal could not be bred or held for any long time in captivity, and indeed it was noted for usually killing itself soon after being captured or caged. For this reason it is a traditional symbol of liberty. However, a zoo in Mexico has kept this species since 1992, and in 2004 breeding in captivity was announced (Orellana, 2004).

Guatemalan ½ Quetzal

The Resplendent Quetzal is Guatemala's national bird, and an image of it is on the flag and the national seal of that country. It is also the name of the local currency (abbreviation GTQ).

The bird is of great relevance to Guatemalan culture, being a character in the widely popular legend of the local hero Tecún Umán, a prince and warrior of the Quiché Maya during the latter stages of the Spanish conquest of the region. This quetzal was his nahual (spirit guide).

The Quiché repelled several attacks from the Spanish army, even though outmatched in weaponry (guns, armor and cavalry against spears and arrows).

Legend has it that on the day the conquistador Pedro de Alvarado fought against Tecún Umán, there was a quetzal flying overhead. On the first strike Tecún Umán, on foot, managed to disable Pedro de Alvarado's horse. Alvarado was then given another horse and on the second strike ran through Tecún Umán's chest with a spear.

The quetzal flew down and landed on Tecún Umán, dipping its chest in the warrior prince's blood. It is there that the bird acquired its distinctive red chest feathers.^[1]

To what extent these events actually took place is debatable, but it is true that the Maya fought fiercely for their land and freedom during the conquest.

One Guatemalan legend claims that the quetzal used to sing beautifully before the Spanish conquest, but has been silent ever since — but will sing once again when the land is truly free.

Stuffed specimens are displayed in the homes of the Guatemalan wealthy and museums, contributing to the birds' rarity.

[edit] Etymology

The epithet mocinno is Llave's Latinization of the name of the biologist J. M. Mociño, a mentor of his. (It is sometimes spelled mocino, but "ñ" was formerly spelled "nn" in Spanish, so the spelling with "nn" is justified and in any case now official.^{[2], [3]})

The word "quetzal" came from Nahuatl, where quetzal (from the root quetz = "stand") meant "tall upstanding plume" and then "quetzal tail feather"; from that quetzaltotōtl means "quetzal-feather bird" and thus "quetzal".^{[citation needed]}

[edit] External images

[edit] References

Atkins, Edward G., Rita Kimber, and Robert Kimber (eds.) (1991). Vanishing Eden: The Plight of the Tropical Rain Forest. Barrons Educational Series, Inc. ISBN 0-8120-6246-9.
Howell, Steve N. G. (1994). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
Orellana, Claudia (2004). "Quetzals Bred in Captivity in Chiapas". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2 (7): 345. (A Resplendent Quetzal chick hatched at the Miguel Álvarez del Toro Zoo, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico, and reached the age of six weeks at the time of the report. A short excerpt is visible on a Google search page.)
Pena, E. 2001. "Pharomachrus mocinno" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October 6, 2006 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pharomachrus_mocinno.html.
Pribor, Paul (1999-05-24). The Biogeography of the Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno). San Francisco State University. Retrieved on October 6, 2006.
Williamson, Sheri L., P. R. Colston (2003). “Trogons”, In Christopher Perrins (Ed.) Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books, 362–363. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
No author (2000-02-08). "Quetzal—The Resplendent Bird". Awake!.
BirdLife International (2004). Pharomachrus mocinno. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is near threatened.