Japanese dialects
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As with any language, Japanese has its share of regional dialects. The lingua franca of Japan is called hyōjungo (標準語, lit. "standard language"), and while it was based initially on Tokyo speech, the language of Japan's capital has since gone in its own direction to become one of Japan's many 弁(-ben), or dialects.
[edit] Eastern Japanese
[edit] Hokkaidō
The residents of Hokkaidō Prefecture are (relatively) recent arrivals from all parts of Japan, and this combination of influences has resulted in a set of regionalisms sometimes called Hokkaidō-ben. Hokkaidō-ben appears to have been influenced most significantly by Tōhoku-ben, not surprising due to Hokkaidō's geographic proximity to northeastern Honshū. Characteristics of Hokkaidō-ben include speech that contains fewer gender-specific differences, a rich vocabulary of regionalisms, and alternatives to "desu". There is a tendency toward rapid, abbreviated speech patterns, as is not uncommon in other rural areas of Japan. Overall, Hokkaidō-ben is not dramatically different from what is called standard Japanese. Most native speakers of Hokkaidō-ben can easily switch to standard Japanese when the situation calls for it. However, Hokkaidō-ben is different enough that the prepared ear has an advantage in understanding it.
Here are some examples of words and phrases common in Hokkaidō that are less common in standard Japanese:
- dabe — isn't it (desho)
- (tebukuro o) haku — wearing gloves, using the verb traditionally reserved for shoes
- sa - often used instead of ne (final particle soliciting confirmation or agreement)
- dabe sa -- (roughly) indeed, isn't it? (desho ne)
- shibareru — freezing cold weather, hard freeze
- namara — very
- kowai — I am tired. (However, 'kowai' in Standard Japanese is the adjective for 'scary')
- (gomi o) nageru — discard (trash) literally, "to throw" trash
- waya — dreadful
- futtsuku - sticking to, adhering to
- tekkurikaeru - stumble and fall (skiing)
- bakuru - swap, trade
- hankakusai — fool
- zangi — fried chicken nuggets
- dosanko — Hokkaido native, 3 or more generations
[edit] Tōhoku
Tōhoku-ben is spoken in Tōhoku, the Northeastern region of Honshū. Toward the northern part of Honshū, Tōhoku-ben can differ so dramatically from standard Japanese that it is sometimes rendered with subtitles. It is considered by some Southern inhabitants of Japan to be a slow and "clumsy" dialect with connotations of dawdling or idleness.
A notable linguistic feature of Tōhoku-ben is its neutralization of the high vowels /i/ and /u/, so that the words Sushi, "susu" (ash), and "shishi" (lion) are rendered homophonous, where they would have been distinct in other dialects. It is for this reason that Tōkoku-ben is somewhat pejoratively referred to as "zuzu-ben".
In addition, all unvoiced stops become voiced intervocalically, rendering the pronunciation of the word "kato" (trained rabbit) as [kado]. However, unlike the high vowel neutralization, this does not result in new homophones, as all voiced stops are pre-nasalized, meaning that the word "kado" (corner) is roughly pronounced [kando]. This is particularly noticeable with the "g" sound, which is nasalized sufficiently that it sounds very much like the english "ng" as in "thing", with the stop of the hard "g" almost entirely lost.
Some words and phrases common in Tōhoku (and generally, also in Hokkaidō) that are less common in standard Japanese include:
- -be or -bē as volitional suffix
- sa - often used instead of ne (final particle soliciting confirmation or agreement)
- o-ban desu — good evening (pronounced "oban dezū")
- menkoi — cute
[edit] Kantō
[edit] Ibaraki
Ibaraki dialect, Ibaraki-ben, is characterized by dakuten insertion, effecting a voiced syllable. For example, byōki, illness, becomes something like byōgi. Also characteristic of Ibaraki-ben in many areas is a decreased distinction between i and e sounds, so that iro enpitsu becomes ero inpitsu among many speakers. The final particles ppe, be, and he are perhaps most well-known. They derive from literary beshi (now beki in standard Japanese). The pitch accent of Ibaraki dialect is also fairly different from standard Japanese, typically rising at the end of statements and falling in questions. Below are a few words which are rather ubiquitous among speakers of the Ibaraki dialect:
- anme — related to literary aru mai, and to nai darō in standard Japanese, meaning "(I suppose) not". Its opposite is appe, from aru and ppe
- arutte — walking (instead of aruite)
- daiji — daijōbu in standard Japanese, meaning "alright", and unrelated to the identically-pronounced standard word for "important"
- dere(suke) — lazy foolish person
- goja((ra)ppe) — silly foolish person
- medo — hole
- -me — suffix for small animals (e.g. hē-me, "fly"; kan-me, "turtle"); used differently from the abusive -me in standard Japanese
- odome — child
[edit] Tokyo
The speech of modern Tokyo is often considered to equate standard Japanese, though in fact Tokyo dialect differs from hyōjungo in a number of areas. Noticeable earmarks of Tokyo dialect include the frequent use of さ (sa, roughly analogous to "like" as used in American English slang), じゃん (jan, a contraction of じゃないか ja nai ka, "Isn't that right?") and つう (tsuu) in place of -と言う (- to iu, "to say -" or "is called -"). It is also not uncommon for Tokyo dialect to change the -いる (-iru) stem of the present progressive to -ん (-n), as in つってんのー (tsutten nō, "[someone] is saying") vs. と言っているのよ (to itte iru no yo) of standard Japanese.
Edogawa-ben, the fast-fading dialect of old families from Eastern Tokyo around the Edogawa river, is another example of a Tokyo dialect that differs from standard Japanese. This dialect is primarily known for the inability to pronounce or distinguish some phonemes which are considered wholly distinct in all other Japanese dialects. Most famous is the decreased distinction between "hi" and "shi", so that "hidoi" (terrible) becomes "shidoi", and "shichi" (seven) becomes "hichi". Though it also includes a few distinctive words, today it is largely indistinguishable from the standard speech of Tokyo other than the phonemic difference.
[edit] Tōkai-Tōsan
[edit] Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
- Shizuoka
- Enshū
[edit] Gifu-Aichi
- Mino
Hida dialect
- dashikan — bad, no good
[edit] Nagoya
Nagoya-ben is a dialect spoken in and around the city of Nagoya. It is similar to Kansai-ben in intonation, but to Tokyo-ben in accent. Instead of "shitte iru?" Nagoya residents will say "shittoru?" They attach unique suffixes to the end of sentences: "-gaya" when surprised, "-te" for emphasis, "-ni" to show off one's knowledge, and "-dekan" for disappointment. Some Nagoya words: "ketta" for "jitensha", "tsukue o tsuru" to 'move a desk', "dera-" or "dora-" for "sugoi" or "tottemo". A Tokyo resident: "Sou ni kimatteru janai" Nagoya resident: "Sou ni kimattoru gaya." "Gan" is not typical Nagoya-ben. It is rather slang used by the younger Nagoya residents.
[edit] Mikawa
Mikawa-ben is spoken in the east half of Aichi prefecture while Nagoya-ben is in the west half. The two dialects are very similar for people from other areas of Japan. But Mikawa and Nagoya people claim that the dialects are completely different. Mikawa people also claim that Mikawa-ben is the basis of Tokyo Japanese because it was made up in Edo period by samurai from this area.
[edit] Hachijō Island
[edit] Western Japanese
[edit] Hokuriku
- Kaga
- Noto
- Sado Island
[edit] Toyama
Toyama-ben is spoken in Toyama prefecture. Instead of the standard, shitte imasuka? or colloquial shitte iru? for "Do you know?" Toyama-ben speakers will say, shittorukke? Other regional distinctions include words like kitokito for fresh and delicious.
Other distinctions include the negative past tense being formed differently from standard Japanese as follows:
Standard Japanese: konakatta (did not come) Toyama-ben: konda (did not come)
Standard Japanese: inakatta (was not) Toyama-ben: oranda (was not) (n.b.,Toyama-ben uses "oru" instead or "iru" to express "existence")
Standard Japanese: tabenakatta (did not eat) Toyama-ben: tabenda (did not eat)
Standard Japanese: shinakatta (did not do) Toyama-ben: senda (did not do)
The distinction made is that the negative past tense in Toyama-ben is formed by adding to the stem of the verb the "nu" suffix, indicating a negative, followed by a "da" indicating the past tense or completed action. "Nu" becomes "n".
[edit] Fukui
Fukui-ben is the dialect of Fukui prefecture. Speakers of Fukui-ben tend to talk in an up-and-down, sing-songy manner. It is considered a relatively rural dialect, yet it is not without its own rough, home-spun elegance.
Examples of Fukui-ben include:
- hoya hoya, meaning hai (yes) or so desu yo (that is true)
- mmmmm-do, instead of ē-to (let's see, or well)
- tsuru tsuru, meaning "very," or "a lot" (as in, "tsuru tsuru ippai," or this glass is very full, almost overflowing)
- jami jami describes poor reception on a TV. The usual term is suna arashi "sandstorm."
[edit] Kinki (Kansai)
See main article: Kansai-ben
Kansai-ben (関西弁) is a dialect spoken in the Kansai region of Japan. Though sometimes erroneously referred to as Osaka-ben (in reference to Osaka, the second-largest city in Japan and the economic force of the Kansai region), Kansai-ben features a number of regional differences: to draw a broad generalization, Osaka-ben can be considered "brash," Kyoto-ben "lilting" and Kobe-ben "melodious."
[edit] Banshū
[edit] Ise
- Shima
[edit] Osaka
Ōsaka-ben belongs to the Kansai family of dialects. The terminology is confusing, as people often use Kansai-ben interchangeably with Ōsaka-ben. Even those in the know may confuse true Ōsaka-ben with Kansai-ben.
[edit] Kyoto
Kyōto-ben is a soft and melodic Kansai variant. Traditional Kyoto dialect uses -taharu or -teharu (e.g. nani shitaharu no?) in its sentence endings, though -yasu and -dosu are also common. See Kansai-ben for more. To end a verb in -taharu is also often considered to be more formal and is almost exclusively used by women. Ending a verb in -taaru is said to have the same effect but usable by men, though it is not very common.
[edit] Kōbe
Kōbe-ben is notable among Kansai dialects for conjugating the present progressive with the verb ending -ton or -tō. For example, while the phrase "What are you doing?" in standard (and casual) Japanese would be Nani shite iru? in Kōbe-ben it would be Nani shiton? or Nani shitō? Like Ōsaka-ben, Kōbe-ben uses the inflectional ねん (nen) to add emphasis, such that 何言っているんだよ (Nani itteirundayo, "What (the heck) are you saying?") of standard Japanese could become 何いうとーねん (Nani iutōnen) in Kōbe-ben.
[edit] Chūgoku
[edit] Shikoku
[edit] Kōchi Prefecture
Tosa-ben is used in Kōchi prefecture.
[edit] Shiga Prefecture
Gachakon (ガチャコン） is the local slang word for the Omitetsudo (ja:近江鉄道), a local train. It is named such because it is said to go "gacha gacha gacha" as one rides it. -taharu is also used commonly in Shiga prefecture. One must not mistake, though, there are many differences in speaking patterns between Kyoto and the cities of Shiga Prefecture.
[edit] Kyūshū
[edit] Hōnichi
[edit] Miyazaki
Miyazaki is most noted for its intonation, which is very different from that of standard Japanese. At times it can even seem to employ the opposite (inverse) pattern of intonation.
Miyazaki dialect shares similarities with other Kyūshū dialects such as:
と(to) replacing the question particle か(ka)
Examples of Miyazaki dialect include;
- っけ (kke) instead of the stard か (ka) in a forming a question.
- テゲ (tege) as opposed to とても (totemo) very
- サミ (sami) as opposed to さむい (samui) cold
- こせん (kosen) as opposed to でしょう (deshou) -isn't it?
今日はテゲサミこせん (Kyō wa tege sami kosen): Today's really cold, isn't it?
- じゃがじゃが (jagajaga) That's right
The present continuous て(い)る (te(i)ru) being replaced by おと(oto)
何しょとっけ？(nani shoto kke?) What are you doing?
東京にいっちょると？ (Tokyo ni icchoruto?) You're going to Tokyo?
[edit] Hichiku
[edit] Hakata
Hakata-ben is the dialect of the Hakata ward of Fukuoka City. Throughout Japan, Hakata-ben is famous, amongst many other idiosyncrasies, for its use of -to? as a question, e.g., "What are you doing?", realized in Standard Japanese as nani o shite iru no?, is nanba shiyotto? or nan shitōtō in Hakata.
Examples of Hakata-ben include:
- asoban instead of asobou; "let's have fun"
- batten instead of demo, kedo "but"
- da ken instead of da kara "therefore"
- yokarōmon instead of ii deshō "good, don't you think?"
- bari instead of totemo "very"
- shitōtchan instead of shiterunda "I'm doing it"
- ~shitōkiyo instead of shite kinasai "please do ~"; used with children
- yokka yokka instead of ii yo "It's fine."
- sogyan kanji instead of sonna kanji "Like that."
- wakaran bai instead of wakaranai yo "I don't understand / don't get it."
- umaka/samuka/atsuka instead of umai/samui/atsui "tasty/cold/hot"
Most other dialects in Kyūshū share much in common with Hakata-ben, but the dialect of Kagoshima is strikingly different from other Kyūshū dialects.
[edit] Satsugū
[edit] Kagoshima
Satsuma-ben, the dialect of Kagoshima prefecture, is often called "unintelligible" because of distinct conjugations of words and significantly different vocabulary. As the furthest place from Kyoto, it is likely that divergences in dialect were accumulated in Satsuma making it sound strange.
There are several different dialect regions within Kagoshima prefecture.
There is a story, told both inside and outside Kagoshima, that Kagoshima dialect was consciously and deliberately developed as a way of protecting against spies from other parts of Japan during the Edo period when many samurai noblemen lived within Kagoshima and conducted important business within it.
[edit] Ryūkyū
Specialists agree that Ryūkyū Islands (the islands of Okinawa Prefecture and some of the islands of Kagoshima Prefecture) is not a dialect of the Japanese language; rather, it comprises a separate branch of the Japonic family. In this view, Japonic is split into two groups: Japanese, spoken throughout the Japanese islands, and Ryukyuan, found in the Ryūkyū Islands, south of Kyūshū. Even so, there is great diversity within Japanese, and even greater within Ryukyuan, and many native speakers from one area of Japan can find the speech of another area virtually unintelligible. There has also developed in the Ryukyus a dialect which is close to Standard Japanese, but which is influenced by Ryukyuan languages. For example, "deeji" may be said sometimes instead of "taihen", or "haisai" instead of "konnichiwa".
However, it should be noted that above described Japanese dialects have all gone through the process of standardization since the introduction of national education and in its old form are more or less can be described as a language just like Ryūkyū language. However, similar to Ryūkyū language, these old speech are being lost and are barely spoken by old people.
[edit] References
- (Japanese) 関西弁講座 (in Japanese)
- A Brief Guide to Kyūshū-Ben
