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Current cases before the International Criminal Court include three situations where the Chief Prosecutor has opened an official investigation, one other referral that has been received from a state and a number of complaints received from individuals.

The court was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for serious crimes that were committed after the date of establishment. The prosecutor can open a case where it has sufficient basis to suspect that war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide have been committed in the territory of a member-country, by a national of a member-country, or in a situation that has been referred to the court by the United Nations Security Council or a state.

Contents 1 Arrests made 1.1 Democratic Republic of Congo 1.1.1 Lubanga 1.1.2 Other cases 1.1.3 Allegations 2 Public indictments issued 2.1 Uganda - Lord's Resistance Army 3 Investigations commenced 3.1 Darfur, Sudan 4 Other referrals 4.1 The Central African Republic 4.2 Cote d'Ivoire 5 Other complaints received 5.1 Georgia 5.2 Burundi 5.3 Colombia 5.4 Iraq 5.5 Venezuela 5.6 Alleged Iranian incitement to genocide 5.7 Somalia 5.8 Sri Lanka 5.9 Lebanon 5.10 Zimbabwe 5.11 Israel 6 Prosecutions under complementarity 6.1 United Kingdom 7 References

[edit] Arrests made

[edit] Democratic Republic of Congo

On 2004-04-19 the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a state party of the court referred itself to the court. On June 23 the Chief Prosecutor decided to open an investigation into the matter and on 4 July the case was allocated to Pre-Trial Chamber I.

[edit] Lubanga

On 2006-03-17 Thomas Lubanga, former leader of the Union of Congolese Patriots militia in Ituri, became the first person to be arrested under a warrant issued by the court; he will be the first suspect to face trial at the ICC. A sealed (secret) warrant had been issued for his arrest on 2006-02-10 for the war crime of using child soldiers. He was flown to the court the same day in a French military aircraft.^[1] The prosecutor has stated that his trial will only be on the allegation of using child soldiers, and other allegations will be followed up in a subsequent prosecution ^[2]

[edit] Other cases

In the court's annual report to the United Nations, ^[3] reference was made to a second case where an investigation had been officially opened and a third case where analysis by the prosecutor was ongoing. The suspects have not been named in either case.

[edit] Allegations

In February 2005 the United Nations Secretary General listed ^[4] nine parties to the civil war as using child soldiers or committing war crimes against children:

• The dissident army factions led by Laurent Nkunda and Jules Mutebutsi - including child rape and attacking schools
• Rwandan exiles from the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) - including child rape, murder and maiming
• The Forces armées populaires congolaises - including child murder and maiming
• The Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI) - including child murder and maiming
• Mai-Mai militias in Kivu, Maniema and Katanga - including child murder and maiming
• The government army (Force armées de la Republique Democratique du Congo or FARDC)
• Mudundu - 40 faction
• The Parti pour l’unité et la sauvegarde du Congo
• The Union of Congolese Patriots factions lead by Thomas Lubanga and Floribert Kisembo

The Congolese Vice-President, Jean-Pierre Bemba is among those thought to be being investigated by the court - in his case the allegations include cannibalism against Pygmies by Bemba's militia. [2]

The leader of the FDLR, Ignace Murwanashyaka, was arrested in April 2006 in Germany; the prosecutor said he needed more information about Murwanashyaka and his responsibility for alleged FDLR crimes before any decision could be made on an ICC prosecution. ^[5]

In April 2006 seven army officers from FARDC were convicted by a Military Garrison Court in Mbandaka of committing crimes against humanity. They were convicted under ICC implementing legislation which made rape, when committed as part of a general attack on a civilian population, a crime against humanity. They were all sentenced to life imprisonment. ^[6]

In May a MONUC enquiry reported that Mai-Mai militia and FARDC troops had both committed serious crimes against humanity, including summary execution of civilians and enlisting child soldiers, in North Katanga province since the start of 2005. ^[7]

[edit] Public indictments issued

[edit] Uganda - Lord's Resistance Army

Lord's Resistance Army

HSM - Alice Auma Joseph Kony

1987-1994 1994-2002 2002-2005 ICC - Juba talks

Bibliography

Uganda, a 'state party' of the court referred the situation caused by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency to the court on January 29, 2004. The Chief Prosecutor decided to open an investigation into this matter on July 29 and on July 5 the situation was assigned to Pre-Trial Chamber II

On October 14, 2005 the ICC issued its first public arrest warrants for five senior leaders of the LRA alleging:

• Leader Joseph Kony committed the crimes against humanity of murder, enslavement, sexual enslavement, rape and serious bodily injury and the war crimes of murder, cruel treatment of civilians, attacking civilians, pillage, inducing rape and enlisting child soldiers

• Kony's deputy, Vincent Otti, committed the crimes against humanity of murder, sexual enslavement and serious bodily injury and the war crimes of inducing rape, attacking civilians, enlisting child soldiers, cruel treatment of civilians, pillage and murder

• Army Commander of the LRA, Okot Odiambo committed the crime against humanity of enslavement and war crimes of attacking civilians, pillage and enlisting child soldiers; Odiambo reportedly led an attack on Barlonya refugee camp in February 2004 when more than 300 people were massacred.

• LRA commander Raska Lukwiya committed the crime against humanity of enslavement and the war crimes of cruel treatment of civilians, attacking civilians and pillage

• LRA commander Dominic Ongwen committed the crimes against humanity of murder, enslavement and serious bodily injury and the war crimes of murder, cruel treatment of civilians, attacking civilians and pillage.^[8]

None of the indictees have yet been arrested, and they are believed to be either in Southern Sudan or Northern DRC. Ongwen was originally believed to have died in 2005 during hostilities with the Ugandan army, but this was later disproved by DNA tests.^[9] Lukiya was killed in fighting on 12 August 2006^[10] The government of Uganda is currently in peace talks with the LRA and holding out the possibility of withdrawing the indictments. Human rights groups have protested, stating that there is no mechanism to withdraw an ICC warrant.

In February 2005 the United Nations Secretary General said the LRA, Ugandan soldiers and government-organised Local Defense Units had all committed crimes against children, and the LRA was a serious violator. ^[11]

[edit] Investigations commenced

[edit] Darfur, Sudan

On 2005-03-31, the United Nations Security Council referred the situation in Darfur, Sudan to the court. The Chief Prosecutor opened the investigation into this matter on June 6 and the case has been allocated to Pre-Trial Chamber I

[edit] Other referrals

[edit] The Central African Republic

The Central African Republic referred itself to the court on January 6, 2005. The case has been allocated to Pre-Trial Chamber III

On 2006-04-13 the Court of Cassation of the Central African Republic investigating charges or murder and rape committed by former President Ange-Felix Patasse and Congolese Vice-President Jean-Pierre Bemba said that they could not secure the arrest of the suspects, despite international arrest warrants, and therefore requested the ICC to take responsibility. The allegations against Bemba date to when his Movement for the Liberation of Congo rebel army was invited by Patasse into the capital Bangui to fight rebels who were fighting against Patasse. Also referred to the court were the cases of a French policeman and two aides of Patasse who were all involved in the alleged crimes, which human rights groups allege had about 400 victims. [3]

Local activists from the Union of Central African Journalists (UJCA) have also accused the President, François Bozizé, of committing genocide against the inhabitants of northern Central African Republic - who supported the former regime - after seizing power in 2003, and asked the court to prosecute Bozizé. [4]

In November 2005, the Office of the Prosecutor held meetings with the government, judiciary authorities, civil society and international community representatives in CAR to gather additional information for the preliminary analysis. However, the Chief Prosecutor has not yet formally decided to open an investigation into this matter.

[edit] Cote d'Ivoire

Cote d'Ivoire, which is not a member of the court, was reported in 2003 to have referred itself to the court to investigate various crimes committed during the Ivorian Civil War. However, the court has not received a formal referral from the government and as a non-member can only take jurisdiction with either the state's consent or a referral from the Security Council.

In May 2006 Human Rights Watch called ^[12] on the court to send a mission to the country in order to bring an end to a culture of impunity. It cited continuing human rights abuses against civilians by state security forces, militia and the New Forces rebels.

People accused of human rights abuses who could be tried include Simone Gbagbo, wife of President Laurent Gbagbo and Guillaume Soro the head of the New Forces rebel army. ^[13]

In October 2006 a United Nations report recommended that politicians obstructing the peace process should face trial at the ICC. ^[14]

[edit] Other complaints received

The prosecutor reported in his 2006 report to the United Nations that he had analysed seven other situations. Two - relating to Iraq and Venezuela - had been dismissed, and five were ongoing. The five situations with on-going analysis included Cote d'Ivoire and the Central African Republic, but the other three were not named. The situations listed below have been cited in the media as having received complaints:

[edit] Georgia

A complaint has been received alleging that ethnic cleansing has been carried out by the Abkhazian government (legally part of Georgia, a member-country of the court) against ethnic Georgians. [5] The Georgian state Minister for Conflict Resolution agreed that "human rights violations as well as crimes against humanity committed during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict are difficult to dispute". The court has stated in a letter to the complainant that an investigation committee started looking into the case in 2004 and requesting further information. However a formal investigation has not yet been opened.

[edit] Burundi

In February 2005 the United Nations Secretary General said [6] that three parties to the civil war in Burundi (a member-country of the court) were using child soldiers or committing war crimes against children:

• The Parti de libération du peuple hutu-Forces nationales de libération (PALIPEHUTU-FNL) of Agathon Rwasa, which was responsible for serious violations including the killing and maiming of children and attacking schools
• The National Council for the Defense of Democracy of Leonard Nyangoma
• The National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy of the current President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza

The Chief Prosecutor has not announced whether he will formally decided to open an investigation into this matter.

[edit] Colombia

In February 2005 the United Nations Secretary General said [7] that three parties to the civil war in Colombia (a member-country of the court, but which has temporarily opted out of war crimes jurisdiction, for up to seven years) were using child soldiers or committing war crimes against children:

• The United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (AUC)
• The National Liberation Army (ELN)
• The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

In April 2006 the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights office in Colombia said [8] that FARC's attacks on civilians were war crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC.

The Chief Prosecutor has not announced whether he will formally decided to open an investigation into this matter.

[edit] Iraq

Main article: The International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq

In March 2003, the United States and its allies, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq. The UK, Australia and Poland are all parties to the ICC Statute and therefore their nationals are liable to prosecution by the court for any relevant crimes. As the United States is not a party, American citizens can only be prosecuted by the court if the crime takes place in the territory of a state party (e.g. Jordan), or if the situation is referred to it by the Security Council.

The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court reported in February 2006, that it had received 240 communications in connection with the invasion of Iraq in March 2003 which alleged that various war crimes had been committed. Many of these complaints concerned the British participation in the invasion, as well as the alleged responsibility for torture deaths whilst in detention in British-controlled areas.^[15]

On 2006-02-09, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, published a letter [9] that he had sent to all those who had communicated with him concerning the above, which set out his conclusions on these matters, following a preliminary investigation of the complaints. He explained in his decision letter, that essentially two sets of complaints were involved.

1. Complaints concerning the legality of the invasion itself;
2. Complaints concerning the conduct of hostilities between March and May 2003, which included allegations in respect of
   1. the targeting of civilians or clearly excessive attacks;
   2. wilful killing or inhuman treatment of civilians.

The Prosecutor's conclusions were as follows:

1. He did not have authority to consider the complaint about the legality of the invasion. Although the ICC Statute includes the crime of "aggression", it indicates that the Court may not exercise jurisdiction over the crime until a provision has been adopted which defines the crime and sets out the conditions under which the Court may exercise jurisdiction with respect to it.
2. The available information did not provide sufficient evidence for proceeding with an investigation of the complaints in connection with targeting of civilians or clearly excessive attacks.
3. The available information did provide a reasonable basis for believing that there had been an estimated 4 to 12 victims of wilful killing and a limited number of victims of inhuman treatment, totaling in all less than 20 persons. However this on its own was not sufficient for the initiation of an investigation by the ICC because the Statute requires consideration of admissibility before the Court, in light of the gravity of the crimes. Bearing in mind that a key consideration in this regard is the number of victims of particularly serious crimes, he concluded that the situation did not appear to meet the "gravity" threshold.

On 7 July the defense lawyers for Saddam Hussein wrote to the court, saying that the treatment of Hussein was a breach of the Geneva Conventions and hence a war crime. [10]

[edit] Venezuela

On April 11, 2002 clashes between supporters and opponents of Presıdent Hugo Chávez during an attempted coup lead to complaınts that Chávez committed crimes against humanity. In February 2006, the court Prosecutor, concluded that, thus far, the requirements to continue the investigation have not been satisfied according to the Rome Statute. [11]

[edit] Alleged Iranian incitement to genocide

The Israeli newspaper, Haaretz, reported that the European Jewish Congress is to file a complaint with the ICC against Iranian President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, alleging his call for Israel to be "wiped from the map" amounted to incitement to genocide.[12]

As Iran is not a state party to the ICC, the complaint would require a referral from the United Nations Security Council in order for the court to have jurisdiction.

[edit] Somalia

In May 2006 a Somali warlord, Musa Sudi Yalahow was reported to have ordered him militiamen to take over Keysaney Hospital in northern Mogadishu, a move that may contravene the laws against war crimes. A Somali NGO, the Somali Justice Advocacy office wrote to the court requesting that it investigate this as a war crime.

Somalia is not a party to the court, and therefore would have to consent or be referred by the UN Security Council in order for the court to have jurisdiction.

In June 2006 the regional body IGAD threatened to do this to warlords it termed "spoilers". [13]

[edit] Sri Lanka

In July 2006 a Sri Lankan American expatriate organisation, the Sri Lankan Patriots, called on the Tamil Tigers to be prosecuted for using child soldiers. [14] Tamils have also called for government members to be prosecuted befroe the court for an attack on a girls' school in LTTE-controlled territory in August 2006. ^[16]

Sri Lanka is not a party to the court, and therefore would have to consent or be referred by the UN Security Council in order for the court to have jurisdiction.

[edit] Lebanon

The Lebanese Foreign Minister, Fawzi Salloukh, has called for Israelis to be prosecuted at the court in connections with the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. He accused Israelis of committing a war crime with the bombing of Qana.^[17], and this was repeated by the Interior Minister, Ahmad Fatfat on 2 August who said "a file was being prepared". ^{[18] [19]} On 3 August Justice Minister Charles Rizk said that he would be submitting a file to the Security Council asking them to create a special court, similar to the Rwanda Tribunal, as neither Lebanon nor Israel are members of the ICC. ^[20] On 2 September Rizk formed a committee of legal and media personnel to gather evidence of war crimes for possible submission to the court. ^[21] Individuals have also made official complaints to the court prosecutor. ^[22][23]

In July Jean Ziegler, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, called for an investigation into whether Israel committed war crimes by attacking supplies of food and water. ^[24] Israel has admitted using white phosphorous during the war, a chemical weapon which is banned by the Geneva Conventions when used against civilians or in civilian areas, but allowed when used for illumination. Doctors in southern Lebanon said they suspected burns victims had been caused by white phosphorous. ^[25]

The court would require a referral from Lebanon, Israel or the Security Council in order to have jurisdiction over these alleged crimes. In this case the prosecutor would be obliged to investigate all relevant crimes committed by all parties in the "situation".

Meanwhile a human rights lawyer in the United Kingdom - a member of the court - is taking legal action under the International Criminal Court Act, accusing British government officials of complicity in Israeli war crimes by allowing the transfer of weapons from the United States via UK airports ^[26]

Another British law firm has suggested that Israeli use of cluster bombs would also be a war crime. ^[27]

On September 14, 2006, Amnesty International released a report accusing Hezbollah of war crimes during the 2006 conflict with Israel. ^[28]

[edit] Zimbabwe

In 2005, Australia and New Zealand called on the United Nations Security Council to refer the situation in Zimbabwe to the court^[29]. This followed a call in 2004 by the International Bar Association for an ICC prosecution. ^[30] The Foreign Affairs Select Committee of the British House of Lords has called on Britain to lead an international campaign to refer the situation to the court ^[31]A Zimbabwe government spokesman described the calls as spurious and "an attempt to tarnish the image of the president and country"^[32]

[edit] Israel

In November 2006, the government of Yemen called on the UN Security Council to refer Israel to the court to "to look into barbarian crimes and inhuman acts committed by Israeli forces in Beit Hanoun and Jeneen of Gaza." This was in connection with Operation Summer Rains. ^[33] Amnesty International has also characterized the deliberate attacks by Israeli forces against civilian property and infrastructure in the Gaza Strip as "war crimes" ^[34] However a referral is considered unlikely as it would likely be opposed by the United States.

[edit] Prosecutions under complementarity

Under the court's complementarity provisions, member-countries are expected to prosecute their nationals where they are accused of crimes under the jurisdiction of the court. In fact, the International Criminal Court is unable to investigate or prosecute under this principle unless the national court is unavailable or ineffective in doing so. This is to avoid supranational supplantation of national judicial systems and to potentially strengthen them by allowing the national judiciary to function and gain valuable experience within their jurisdiction.

[edit] United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, four soldiers are currently on trial under ICC implementing legislation for war crimes against Iraqi detainees following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ^[35]:

• Cpl Donald Payne - manslaughter or inhumane treatment
• L/Cpl Wayne Crowcroft - inhumane treatment
• Pte Darren Fallon - inhumane treatment
• Sgt Kelvin Stacey - actual bodily harm, alternatively assault

Payne pleaded guilty to inhuman treatment. ^[36]

[edit] References