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BSD许可证

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BSD许可证(Berkeley Software Distribution license),是自由软件开源软件的一个子集)中使用使用最广泛的许可证之一。BSD软件就是遵照这个许可证来发布,该许可证也因此而得名。

BSD套件最初所有者是加州大學的董事会,这是由于BSD源自柏克萊加州大學。BSD开始后,BSD许可证得以修正,使得以后许多BSD变种,都采用类似风格的许可证。

跟其他许可证相比,从GNU通用公共许可证(GPL)到限制重重的著作權(Copyright),BSD许可证比较宽松,甚至跟公有領域更为接近。事实上,BSD许可证被认为是copycenter(中间版权),界乎标准的copyright与GPL的copyleft之间。"Take it down to the copy center and make as many copies as you want"。[1]

目录

[编辑] BSD许可证的条款

许可证文本被认为遵循公有領域,所以可以不受限制地修改。为了满足个人或团体的需要,用户可以随意地将'Regents of the University of California'(加州大學董事会), 'University of California, Berkeley'(柏克萊加州大學),以及'Regents'(董事会) 替换成自己的名称。(参考中译附于英文原文后):


* Copyright (c) 1998, Regents of the University of California
* All rights reserved.
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
*
*     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
*       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
*       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
*       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*     * Neither the name of the University of California, Berkeley nor the
*       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
*       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
* DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
* ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
* Copyright (c) 1998 著作权由加州大学董事会所有。著作权人保留一切权利。
* 
* 这份授权条款,在使用者符合以下三条件的情形下,授予使用者使用及再散播本
* 软件包装原始码及二进位可执行形式的权利,无论此包装是否经改作皆然:
* 
* * 对于本软件源代码的再散播,必须保留上述的版权宣告、此三条件表列,以
*   及下述的免责声明。
* * 对于本套件二进位可执行形式的再散播,必须连带以文件以及/或者其他附
*   于散播包装中的媒介方式,重制上述之版权宣告、此三条件表列,以及下述
*   的免责声明。
* * 未获事前取得书面许可,不得使用柏克莱加州大学或本软件贡献者之名称,
*   来为本软件之衍生物做任何表示支持、认可或推广、促销之行为。
* 
* 免责声明:本软件是由加州大学董事会及本软件之贡献者以现状("as is")提供,
* 本软件包装不负任何明示或默示之担保责任,包括但不限于就适售性以及特定目
* 的的适用性为默示性担保。加州大学董事会及本软件之贡献者,无论任何条件、
* 无论成因或任何责任主义、无论此责任为因合约关系、无过失责任主义或因非违
* 约之侵权(包括过失或其他原因等)而起,对于任何因使用本软件包装所产生的
* 任何直接性、间接性、偶发性、特殊性、惩罚性或任何结果的损害(包括但不限
* 于替代商品或劳务之购用、使用损失、资料损失、利益损失、业务中断等等),
* 不负任何责任,即在该种使用已获事前告知可能会造成此类损害的情形下亦然。

[编辑] 与专属软件许可证的相容性

遵守BSD License的软件,允许用作商业用途,甚至可按照专属许可证进行再发布。比较著名的例子如微软产品中引入了BSD网络部分的代码,Mac OS X中使用了不少FreeBSD的组件。也可以将一部分遵照BSD许可证发布,另外一些采取其他许可证。事实上,BSD Unix早期就是这样的,其一部分是来自AT&T的专属内容。

[编辑] 与其他自由软件许可证的相容性

BSD许可证的最初稿件,其中含有与GNU General Public License相冲突的地方[2]。由于这两个许可证在自由软件中使用很普遍,如果作者像将GPL和BSD有所结合,问题就来了。好在1999年,BSD许可证的修订版去除了相冲突的语句。从此以后,自由软件作者就可以方便地采用BSD许可证下的软件,从而跟GPL下的作品融合起来。

[编辑] 柏克萊加州大学宣传条款

BSD在最初散播的时候,其许可证内含有一项额外的条款,要求所有从以BSD许可证授权的软件衍生著作,都必须要包含一段文字以交代原始码的来源。该条文列于原BSD许可证的第三条(参考中译附于英文原文后):

* Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1993
*      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
*    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
*    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
*    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
*    must display the following acknowledgement:
*      This product includes software developed by the University of
*      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
* 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
*    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
*    without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.

* Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1993
* 著作权由加州大学董事会所有。著作权人保留一切权利。
* 
* 这份授权条款,在使用者符合以下四条件的情形下,授予使用者使用及再散播本
* 软件包装原始码及二进位可执行形式的权利,无论此包装是否经改作皆然:
* 
* 1. 对于本软件源代码的再散播,必须保留上述的版权宣告、此四条件表列,以
*    及下述的免责声明。
* 2. 对于本套件二进位可执行形式的再散播,必须连带以文件以及/或者其他附
*    于散播包装中的媒介方式,重制上述之版权宣告、此四条件表列,以及下述
*    的免责声明。
* 3. 所有提及本软件功能或是本软件使用之宣传材料,都必须包还含下列之交
*    待文字:
*        “本产品内含有由柏克莱加州大学及其软件贡献者所开发之软体。”
* 4. 未获事前取得书面许可,不得使用柏克莱加州大学或本软件贡献者之名称,
*    来为本软件之衍生物做任何表示支持、认可或推广、促销之行为。
* 
* 免责声明:本软件是由加州大学董事会及本软件之贡献者以现状("as is")提供,
* 本软件包装不负任何明示或默示之担保责任,包括但不限于就适售性以及特定目
* 的的适用性为默示性担保。加州大学董事会及本软件之贡献者,无论任何条件、
* 无论成因或任何责任主义、无论此责任为因合约关系、无过失责任主义或因非违
* 约之侵权(包括过失或其他原因等)而起,对于任何因使用本软件包装所产生的
* 任何直接性、间接性、偶发性、特殊性、惩罚性或任何结果的损害(包括但不限
* 于替代商品或劳务之购用、使用损失、资料损失、利益损失、业务中断等等),
* 不负任何责任,即在该种使用已获事前告知可能会造成此类损害的情形下亦然。

GNU工程将这个称为“令人感到不舒服的BSD交待条款”(obnoxious BSD advertising clause)。GNU工程认为存在两个问题:第一,修改源码的人都希望将其大名加到鸣谢中,如果一个项目参加的人非常多,或者软件套件中包含许多个单独项目,鸣谢阵容将会变得非常庞大;第二,这跟GNU General Public License相抵触,GPL不允许增加额外的限制,所以软件只能在GNU跟BSD之间选择。GNU工程建议人们提到非copyleft許可證的例子時,不要使用「BSD風格」的字眼,以免原本的BSD许可证不慎被使用。

Richard Stallman的请求,1999年7月22日,William Hoskins,也就是伯克利技术许可办公室的主管(director of the office of technology licensing for Berkeley),删除了BSD许可证的第三条。[3] 原来的许可证有时被称为“BSD-old”(老BSD)或“4-clause BSD”(四句版BSD),当前的BSD许可证有的被称为“BSD-new”(新BSD)、“revised BSD”(修订的BSD)或“3-clause BSD”(三句版BSD)。

[编辑] BSD风格的许可证

以下几种自由软件、开源软件,衍生自BSD或跟BSD相类似:

  • NetBSD仍在使用原始的BSD许可证,也就是4-clause license
  • 2-clause BSD-like license,也就是删掉了许可证的第三句,禁止使用copyright所有者的名字作广告。这样就跟MIT许可证功能上等价了。这也是唯一被允许[4]用作特定库(如KDE)的BSD风格许可证。
  • FreeBSD也使用一个两句版许可证[5],另外在末尾添加贡献者一览,也就是非FreeBSD工程官方贡献者一览。
  • OpenBSD对所有添加的软件,采用Internet Systems Consortium, Inc的版权许可,功能上也就是两句版的BSD许可,没有其他的添加语句。

[编辑] 注脚

  1. ^ 引自:http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/C/copycenter.html
  2. ^ 详见:http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/license-list.html#OriginalBSD
  3. ^ 详见:ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change
  4. ^ 详见:http://developer.kde.org/policies/licensepolicy.html
  5. ^ 详见:http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html

[编辑] 参见

  • BSD and GPL licensing

[编辑] 外部链接

THIS WEB:

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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - be - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - closed_zh_tw - co - cr - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - haw - he - hi - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - ms - mt - mus - my - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - ru_sib - rw - sa - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - searchcom - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sq - sr - ss - st - su - sv - sw - ta - te - test - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tokipona - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

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