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穆罕默德·尤纳斯

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穆罕默德·尤纳斯
奖项 诺贝尔和平奖
出生 1940年
吉大港
国籍 孟加拉国
获奖年份 2006年
奖金额度 二分之一
主要贡献 为表彰他们从社会底层推动经济和社会发展的努力

穆罕默德·尤纳斯,(孟加拉语-{মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস}-英语Muhammod Yunus1940年6月28日—),孟加拉国银行家、经济学家,教授。

犹纳斯开创和发展了“微额贷款”的服务,专门提供给因贫穷而无法获得传统银行贷款的创业者。他也是孟加拉乡村银行-{Grameen Bank}-,也译作格拉明银行)的创建人。 2006年,“为表彰他们从社会底层推动经济和社会发展的努力”,他与孟加拉乡村银行共同获得诺贝尔和平奖[1]。犹纳斯也曾获得过包括世界粮食奖在内的多个国际荣誉。

目录

[编辑] 教育跟早期经历

尤纳斯教授生于孟加拉国吉大港,并在吉大港高等学校和吉大港学院学习,在达卡大学完成学士硕士学业。在富布赖特项目奖学金资助下,于1969年美国范德比尔特大学获得经济博士学位。1969年1972年在中田纳西州立大学任助理教授。之后回到孟加拉国的吉大港大学任经济学教授

在1974年孟加拉国的大饥荒时,尤纳斯首次投入到反贫困的事业中去。他发现,非常小额的贷款可以帮助贫穷的人们的生存能力显著的提高。此時他成立了一個鄉村經濟計畫以逕行研究。1974年時他成立了一個Tebhaga Khamar(合作社一种三分农业体制),並在1977年被孟加拉政府批准作为引入项目.[2]. 由於他的貢獻,他與他所成立的格拉明鄉村銀行共同獲得2006年諾貝爾和平獎,以表揚"他們(對)社會與民主的貢獻"。他是繼詩人泰戈爾與經濟學家Dr. Amartya Sen後第三位獲得諾貝爾獎的孟加拉人,也是第一位獲得諾貝爾和平獎的孟加拉人。
他的第一筆借款(US$27)是來以他自己口袋的錢,借給在吉大港大學附近村落Jobra的作竹編家具婦女。她們向高貸款借錢來購買竹子。然後藉由賣家具給貸款人來還錢。這樣子的淨利只有5 Bangladeshi taka (.02 USD),並無法維持她們的生活及家庭。而且,考慮到還款的風險,傳統銀行對借給窮人低利率的小額貸款並不感興趣。

[编辑] 创建格拉明乡村银行

1976年,尤纳斯创建了格拉明乡村银行 (格拉明的意思為"鄉區的", "村莊的")以提供貸款給貧窮的孟加拉人. 自成立以來,格拉明乡村银行已發放超過51億美元予530萬位客戶. 為了確保還款,銀行使用"團結組"系統. 這些非正式的小組一起申請貸款,由小組成員擔任聯合的還款保證人,並互相支持對方努力改善自己的經濟狀況.[來源請求] 隨着銀行的發展,格拉明乡村银行亦開發了其他為貧窮人士服務的信貸系統.除了微型貸款外,銀行還提供住屋貸款、為漁場、灌溉項目、高風險投資、紡織業、其他活動提供經費,同時亦提供其他銀行業務, 如儲蓄.

格拉明鄉村銀行的成功模式激勵了其他發展中國家, 甚至是已發展國家,如美國, 進而發展出類似的成功經驗. 這種微型貸款模式目前已經在23個國家中進行. 其中, 有許多微型貸款計畫特別偏重於貸款給女性, 超過96%的格拉明貸款都是借給女性的, 他們不均衡地遭受貧窮之苦, 但同時也比男人奉獻更多的收入以供家庭所需.[來源請求]

尤纳斯與格拉明鄉村銀行一起榮獲2006年諾貝爾和平奬, 以"表揚他們在社會底層推動經濟和社會發展的努力."

有一天, 我們的子孫將只會在博物館裡見識到貧窮
——尤納斯

[编辑] 其他格拉明部門

Grameen Phone: 電信拓荒者

尤納斯的電信企業Grameen Phone, 是最大的私人電信公司, 擁有超過9百萬的連結. 雖然它是一家商業公司, 卻也增強了孟加拉的電信領域.

Polli Phone: 貧窮女性的Real One

此服務只在鄉村地區提供, 並只供予貧窮女性用作通訊與經濟用途.出現濫用的情況.

Grameen Star Education

這是一個能讓學生在目前有需要的部門選讀課程, 也可用作一個MLM(multi level marketing)It was a project where students could take courses on current needed sectors, also could use this as a MLM (multi level merketing) source. Grameen took this step to prevent the foreign MLM steps rushing into Bangladesh.

Grameen Check

For the moral of self dependence, Dr. Muhammad Yunus started a trend to wear local clothes and opened a small section. He also always wears Grameen Check. Now, it is one of the most popular trend to all classes of people of Bangladesh, specially to people of Dhaka.

[编辑] 获奖情况

  • 1978 — 孟加拉国总统奖
  • 1984 — 菲律宾Ramon Magsaysay Award
  • 1985 — Bangladesh Bank Award, Bangladesh
  • 1987 — Shwadhinota Dibosh Puroshkar (Independence Day Award), Bangladesh
  • 1989 — Aga Khan Award For Architecture, Switzerland
  • 1993 — CARE Humanitarian Award
  • 1994 — Winner of the World Food Prize
  • 1996 — Winner of the Simón Bolívar Prize of UNESCO
  • 1998 — Receives Prince of Asturias Award
  • 1997 — Receives Help for Self-help Awardof Strømme Foundation, Norway
  • 1998 — Winner of the Sydney Peace Prize
  • 2004 — Winner of The Economist newspaper's Prize for social and economic innovation.
  • 2006 — Mother Teresa Award, Kolkata, India
  • 2006 — 8th Seoul Peace Prize
  • 2006 — 诺贝尔和平奖, shared with Grameen Bank
  • 另有47个奖项,共计62个奖项祥。

Additionally, Prof. Yunus has been awarded 27 honorary degrees (all but one a doctorate), and 15 special awards. The Grameen Bank website includes a List of Awards Received by Professor Muhammad Yunus.

Note: Former U.S. president Bill Clinton was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Muhammed Yunus. He expressed this in Rolling Stone magazine[3] as well as in his autobiography My Life.[4]

[编辑] Nobel Winners of the Subcontinent

Professor Dr. Muhammad Yunus is the first Bangladedshi achieving this. He is the third Bengali where Rabindranath Tagore was the first and Professor Amartya Sen was the second. The other winners were closely related with the part of Bengal which is now Bangladesh. Professor Abdus Salam, the Pakistani physicist was the only other laureate of south asia.

Although more than one Nobel Prize was awarded for researches related to the concept of the boson subatomic particle, Bengali Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose was not awarded the Nobel Prize for his famous Bose-Einstein statistics.

[编辑] 获奖感言

在得知获奖的消息后尤纳斯对挪威电视台说:“这对我们,对格拉明乡村银行、对于所有贫困的国家和那些世界上所有的穷人,都是最好的消息。”同时尤纳斯还说:“全世界抗击贫困的战斗会将进一步升级,在世界大部分国家,这场战斗都将通过小额贷款的方式进行着。不应当有贫困,无论任何地方。”[5]

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