团
维基百科,自由的百科全书
团是军队的一个单位,通常包括五百至七百名士兵。它的指挥官是团长。
[编辑] 西方军队中的团的兴起
当士兵由跟随骑士的一批人演变成更有系统的军队时,团这个词便在公元16世纪末起开始出现。
团的士兵数目主要依从它所隶属的军队的兵力和伤亡而定。例如在美国南北战争时,一般的团拥有超过一千名的士兵。但在内战结束时,邦联军有时只有仅仅相等于连的一百名士兵以下的兵力。
在英军方面,团以上的军队结构是依各种军事任务而改变。正因为团通常是最大的永久军队单位,很多团都有通常可以追溯数世纪的长久历史。例如英军中现存最古老的团是在1537年创立的Honourable Artillery Company (荣誉炮兵连);而在1633年建立的Royal Scots (皇家苏格兰团)则是最古老的步兵团。这些观点还有争议,请见常见问题: 英军最古老的团 (英语网页)。
美军曾一度有团的组织,但现时除骑兵以外团则以旅代替。虽然每个营和纵队都因为它们的历史背景而隶属于某一团,但只有骑兵团是在战争时隶属于师。这些团通常是因为历史原因而继续存在的。它们被称为“荣誉团”。
[编辑] 英国团的种类
In the British Army and other armies modelled on it, such as Canada's and Australia's, the term "regiment" is used confusingly in two different ways: it can mean a ceremonial grouping or a tactical unit. Ceremonial regiments are not part of the army's day-to-day operational command structure, but regimental ties are maintained by the voluntary efforts of their members. In addition to combat units, other organizations are considered part of the ceremonial regimental family: regimental associations (retirees), bands and associated cadet groups. The parts of a ceremonial regiment have in common such things as a colonel-in-chief (usually a member of the royal family), battle honours (honours earned by one unit of a ceremonial regiment are shared by the whole regiment), ceremonial uniforms, and regimental songs.
Ceremonial armoured regiments are composed of one (usual) or more tactical regiments. For example, the two tactical regiments Le 12e Régiment blindé du Canada and Le 12e Régiment blindé du Canada (Milice) are both part of the ceremonial regiment Le 12e Régiment blindé du Canada.
All the country's artillery is considered part of a single ceremonial regiment. However, there are several tactical artillery regiments. They are designated by numbers, names or both. For example, the tactical regiments 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, 10th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA and many others are part of the ceremonial regiment The Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery.
Ceremonial infantry regiments are composed of one or more battalions. When a regiment has only one battalion, the battalion is usually named exactly the same as the regiment. This means that a battalion's name often contains the word "regiment" despite the fact that it is not a regiment. For example, the battalion The North Saskatchewan Regiment is the only battalion in the ceremonial regiment of the same name. When there is more than one battalion, they are distinguished by numbers, subsidiary titles or both.
在现代军队编制中,各国对团的设定和使用并不一样:
- 在英国,团作为一种荣誉单位永久保留,但是在实际的作战中并没有作用。
- 在苏联,团作为一个战役战术单位,一般用于完成特定战斗中的军事或勤务任务。在编制上通常由多个技术兵种混合编成;
- 在美国,团的编制和任务并不固定,并且经常调整,20世纪60年代的五群制计划中曾将团一级编制撤销,但是在80年代后逐步恢复,主要作为军事行政管理的一级组织;
- 在中国人民解放军,团一级编制曾经作为基本的战役战术单位使用,是战役中的最小指挥单位,但是从20世纪90年代开始,团主要作为军事行政管理和后勤管理的一级组织,在军事作战中的作用逐步减少;
团在军事编制中的变迁主要是由于军事指挥工具和军事战略变革所引起的。在早期的战争中,由于军事指挥工具的限制,使得高级指挥机关不得不增加指挥的层级以保障军令能贯彻到基层的部队中;但是在现代战争条件下,一方面新的军事指挥工具可以保证指挥机关能快速有效的将命令传达给基层作战单位,另一方面战争也要求军队保持灵活和简洁的组织结构以对应战局的变化和减轻后勤负担。因此,团在许多国家军队的军事编制中也发生着变化。
[编辑] 有关条目
军队编制 | 编辑 | |
军 | 师 | 旅 | 团 | 营 | 连 | 排 | 班 |