ラザール・カガノヴィッチ

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ラザール・カガノヴィッチ

ラザール・モイセイェヴィッチ・カガノヴィッチ （Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вичLazar、Moiseyevich Kaganovich、1893年11月22日 - 1991年7月25日）はソビエト連邦の政治家・官僚で、ヨシフ・スターリンの側近。

[編集] 生い立ち

Kaganovich was born in 1893 to Jewish parents in the village of Kabany, Radomyshl uyezd, Kiev Gubernia, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine). For most of his life, he was a staunch atheist. Never receiving a formal education, he was self taught and worked as a shoe repairman.

In 1911, he joined the Bolshevik party (following his older brother Mikhail Kaganovich who was already a member). Later in 1915, Kaganovich was arrested and sent back to Kabany. In March-April 1917, he was the Chairman of Tanners Union and the vice-chairman of the Yuzovka Soviet. In May of 1917, he became the leader of the military organization of Bolsheviks in Saratov. In August of 1917, he became the leader of the Polessky Committee of the Bolshevik party in Belarus. During the October Revolution, he was the leader of the revolt in Gomel.

[編集] 共産党入党

In 1918, Kaganovich was the Commissar of the propaganda department of the Red Army. In May 1918 - August 1919, he was the Chairman of Ispolkom of the Nizhny Novgorod gubernia. In 1919-1920, he was leader of the Voronezh gubernia. From 1920 to 1922, he was in Turkmenistan, where he was one of the leaders of the Bolshevik struggle against local Muslim rebels (basmaches) and also led the following punitive expeditions against the local opposition.

In May of 1922, Stalin became the General Secretary of the Communist Party and immediately transferred Kaganovich to his apparatus to head the Organizational Department of the Secretariat. This department was responsible for all assignments within the apparatus of the Communist Party. Working there, Kaganovich helped to place Stalin's supporters in key positions within the Communist Party bureaucracy. In his position, he was noted for his high work capacity, personal loyalty to Stalin, and the total lack of his own opinions. He publicly stated that he would execute absolutely any order from Stalin, which at that time was a novelty.

In 1924, Kaganovich became a member of the Central Committee. From 1925 to 1928, Kaganovich was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR. In Ukraine, he was noted for his rigid policy of economic suppression of the kulaks (wealthier peasants) and his staunch opposition to the more moderate policy of Nikolai Bukharin who insisted on peaceful integration of kulaks into socialism. During his tenure as the leader of the Ukrainian SSR, the policy of Ukrainization was changed to Russification and many communist officials were purged as "Ukrainian Nationalists". In 1928, due to numerous protests against Kaganovich's leadership, Stalin was forced to transfer Kaganovich from Ukraine to Moscow, where he returned to his role as a Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (until 1939). As a Secretary, he supported Stalin in his struggle against the so called Left and Right oppositions within the Communist Party, in hopes of Stalin becoming the sole leader of the country. In 1933-1934 he was the Chairman of the Commission for Purging of members of the Communist Party (Tsentral'naja komissija po proverke partijnykh ryadov) and personally ensured that nobody connected with the anti-Stalin opposition would be left as Communist Party members. In 1934, at the XXVII Congress of the Communist Party, Kaganovich was the chairman of the Counting Committee. He falsified voting for positions in the Central Committee, removing 290 votes opposing the Stalin candidacy. His actions led to Stalin being re-elected as the General Secretary instead of Sergey Kirov. By the rules, the candidate receiving fewer opposing votes should become the General Secretary. Before Kaganovich's falsification, Stalin received 292 opposing votes and Kirov only three. However, the "official" result (due to the interference of Kaganovich) was that Stalin ended up with just two opposing votes (Radzinsky, 1996).

In 1930, Kaganovich became a member of the Soviet Politburo and the First Secretary of the Moscow Obkom of the Communist Party (1930-1935) and Moscow Gorkom of the Communist Party (1931-1934). He also supervised the implementation of many of Stalin's economic policies, including the collectivization of agriculture and rapid industrialization.

In the 1930's, Kaganovich organized and greatly contributed to the building of the first Soviet metro system in Moscow, which was named after him until 1955. During this period, he also oversaw the destruction of many of the city's oldest monuments including the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour[1]. In 1932, he led the ruthless suppression of the workers' strike in Ivanovo-Voznesensk.

[編集] ウクライナ大飢饉への責任

Kaganovich (together with Vyacheslav Molotov) took part in the All-Ukrainian Party Conference of 1930 and actively encouraged the policies of collectivization there that many historians argue led to the catastrophic 1932-33 Ukrainian famine (the Holodomor), in which millions of Ukrainians died. Similar policies also inflicted enormous suffering on the Soviet Central Asian republic of Kazakhstan, the Kuban region, Crimea, the lower Volga region, and other parts of the Soviet Union. As an emissary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Kaganovich traveled to the Ukraine, Central region of Russia, Northern Caucasus, and Siberia demanding the acceleration of collectivization and repressions against the kulaks (who were generally used as scapegoats for the slow progress of collectivization) and their supporters. E.g. he pressed the Northern Caucasian leadership to completely deport the entire populations of three Kuban stanitsas: Poltavskaya, Medvedkovskaya, and Urupskaya (45 thousand people in total). In his book, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine, Robert Conquest named Kaganovich together with Molotov, Pavel Postyshev and other Stalinist leaders of the USSR as having personal responsibilities for the famines.

[編集] "鉄のラザール"

チャパエフ級軽巡洋艦ラザール・カガノヴィッチ

1935年から1937年まで、カガノヴィッチは鉄道人民委員（大臣）として働いた。大粛清の開始前でさえ、彼は「破壊活動家」として何千人もの鉄道管理者や経営者の逮捕を組織化した。

1937年から1939年までは、彼は重工業人民委員であった。1939年から1940年までは、石油工業人民委員を務めた。Everywhere, his assignment was connected with arrests in order to improve discipline and compliance with Stalin's policies.

In all Party conferences of the later 1930s, he made speeches demanding increased efforts in the search for and persecution of "foreign spies" and "saboteurs". For his ruthlessness in the execution of Stalin's orders, he got the nickname "Iron Lazar".

これら数年間に死んだ多くの一人が、ラザールの弟、航空機産業人民委員ミハイル・カガノヴィッチであった。1940年1月10日、ミハイルはカザンの航空機工場「N24」の工場長に降格させられた。1941年2月、共産党第18回大会の期間、ミハイルはもし工場が締め切りを逃すなら党から追放されると警告された。1941年6月1日、ラザールからの電話の後、ミハイルは自殺した。

大祖国戦争（独ソ戦）期、カガノヴィッチは北カフカス及びトランス・カフカス戦線の政治委員（軍事会議メンバー）を務めた。1943年から1944年、彼は再び鉄道人民委員であった。1943年、彼は社会主義労働英雄の称号を授与された。1944年から1947年まで、資源開発相であった。1947年、彼はウクライナ共産党第一書記となった。1948年から1952年の間は国家資源供給委員会（Gossnab）議長、そして1952年から1957年は閣僚会議第一副議長（副首相）であった。

カガノヴィッチは1957年まで政治局員及び幹部会員であった。He was also an early mentor of eventual First Secretary of the Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev, who first rose to prominence as Kaganovich's Moscow City deputy in the 1930s. In 1947, when Khrushchev was stripped of the Party leadership in Ukraine (he remained in the somewhat lesser "head of government" position), Stalin dispatched Kaganovich to replace him until the former was reinstated later that year.

カガノビッチは堅物のスターリン主義者であり、そして彼は幹部会に残っていたが、1953年3月のスターリン死後まもなく影響力を失くした。In 1957, along with fellow hard-line Stalinists Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, and Georgy Malenkov (the so-called Anti-Party Group), he participated in an abortive party coup against his former protege Khrushchev, who had over the preceding two years become increasingly harsh in his criticism of Stalin. As a result of the unsuccessful coup, Kaganovich was forced to retire from the Presidium and the Central Committee, and was given the position of director of a small Ural potassium factory. In 1961 he was completely expelled from the party and became a pensioner living in Moscow.

1987年、『クレムリンの狼：ソビエト連邦恐怖の設計者、Ｌ．Ｍ．カガノヴィッチ最初の伝記』と題した本が、米国人ジャーナリスト、スチュアート・カーンによって書かれた。本の中でカーンは、長らく行方不明であったカカノヴィッチの甥であると主張した。Kahan also claimed to have interviewed Kaganovich personally during a visit to Moscow, in which interview he alleges Kaganovich admitted to being partially responsible for the death of Stalin in 1953 (supposedly via poisoning). A number of other unusual claims were made as well. The truth of all of these allegations have been brought into question by a letter, Statement of the Kaganovich Family, written by Kaganovich's surviving family members (including his daughter) in which they state that Kahan never spoke to Kaganovich, that he is not related to Kaganovich and that the book's assertions are all false, providing evidence to that end as well.

Kaganovich survived to the age of 97, dying just before the events that led to the final unravelling of the Soviet Union in 1991. In an interview given during his last years, he described the rule of Gorbachev as a direct destruction of the state.

[編集] エピソード

In 1944, the newly launched light cruiser of the project 26-bis was named after Lazar Kaganovich. It entered the Soviet Pacific Fleet in December 1944.

On July 3 1951, Lazar Kaganovich's son, Mikhail (named after Lazar's late brother) married Svetlana Dzhugashvili, daughter of Joseph Stalin (according to the humorous Communist Social Page of Time magazine of July 23 1951 [2])

[編集] 参考文献

• （ロシア語） Collection of six Kaganovich bios at Khronos
• Radzinsky, Edvard, (1996) Stalin, Doubleday (English translation edition), 1996. ISBN 0-385-47954-9