Lizherenneg hebraek

Diwar Wikipedia, an holloueziadur digor

Skrivet eo ar pennad-mañ e Peurunvan

Ar pennad-mañ n'eo ket peurechu c'hoazh ; ma fell deoc'h labourat warnañ deuit da welout ha lakait hoc'h ali e pajenn ar gaozeadenn.

kemmañ
Istor al lizherenneg
Oadv. arem kreiz e-tro XIX-XV^vet kt JK rakkanaaneg e-tro XIV^vet kt JK Ougariteg e-tro XIII^vet kt JK Fenikeg e-tro XI^vet kt JK Samaritaneg e-tro VI^vet kt JK Aramaeg e-tro IX^vetkt JK Brāhmī e-tro VI^vet kt JK Hebraeg e-tro III^e kt JK Sirieg e-tro Eil c. kt JK Avesteg e-tro III^e kvd Arabeg e-tro IV^e kvd Gresianeg e-tro VIII^vet kt JK Henitaleg tro VIII^vet kt JK Latin e-tro VII^vet kt JK Runeg e-tro Eil kvd Kopteg e-tro IV^e kvd. Goteg e-tro IV^e kvd Armenianeg 405 Glagoliteg 862 Kirilleg e-tro X^vet kvd Ibereg Keltibereg Suarabia e-tro IX^vet kt JK Ge'ez e-tro V-VI^vet kt JK
Meroiteg e-tro III^e kt JK
Genealogiezh klok

Div lizherenn warn-ugent zo el lizherenneg hebraek. Implijet eo evit skrivañ meur a yezh komzet gant ar yuzevion, dreist-holl an hebraeg met ivez ar yidicheg, al ladinoeg hag ar yuzev-arabeg. Klasket ez eus bet, met en aner, skrivañ an hebraeg gant lizherennoù latinek e Stad Israel. Skrivet e vez a dehoù da gleiz.

Ne oa ket ul lizherenneg e gwirionez er penn kentañ, met kentoc'h un abjad, da lâret eo ne veze skrivet nemet ar c'hensonennoù. Tamm-ha-tamm avat e oa bet ijinet doareoù da diswel penaos distagañ ar vogalennoù, da gentañ o oc'h implijet lizherennoù kensonennel evel matres lectionis ha war-lerc'h dre krouiñ ur sistem pikoù ha skrapoù bihañ anvet niqqud.

Savet e oa al lizherenneg hebraek diwar patrom al lizherenneg fenikek war-du diwezh an eil milved a-raok Jezuz.

Diorroet e oa bet ar stil a vez implijet hiziv hag a reer 'skritur karezennek outañ en IIved kantved a-raok Jezuz diwar skwer al lizherenneg arameek a veze implijet gant ar yuzevion evit skrivañ en hebraeg abaoe ar VI^vet kantved a-raok Jezuz.

Ne vez ket graet diforc'h ebet etre lizherennoù bras (pe bennlizherennoù) ha lizherennoù bihan, met lizherennoù zo o deus ur stumm ispisial pa vezont implijet e diwezh ur ger.

Peurliseañ ne vez implijet an niqqud nemet evit levrioù evit ar vugale pe c'hoazh evit levrioù sakr evit bezañ sur e vo distaget mat pep ger. Ouzhpenn ar sistem-se ez eus ur sistem skrapoù all a dalvez da diskwel penaos e rank bezañ kanet pep ger en Torah.

Pep lizherenn a dalvez ivez evel un niverenn (d.s. alef = 1) hag implijet e vez an talvoudoù niverennek-se er Qabbalah evit jediñ ster kuzh ar gerioù.

Pa weler en daoelenn daou stumm disheñvel evit an hevelep lizherenn ez eo an hini a-gleiz ar stumm a vez implijet pa degouez e diwezh ur ger.

Lizherenn	Anv						Treuzlizherennadur
	Academic			Uni- code Stan- dard	Hebreeg israelat	Ash- kenazi	Academic			Israelat
	Unicode	Font-friendly	ISO-8859-1-friendly	Uni- code Stan- dard	Hebreeg israelat	Ash- kenazi	Uni- code	Font-friendly	ISO-8859-1-friendly	Israelat
א	ʾā́lep̄	’āleph	'àleph	alef	alef	alef, olef	ʾ	’	'	' (1)
ב	bêṯ, ḇêṯ	bêth, bhêth	bêth, bhêth	bet	bet, vet	beis, veis	b, ḇ	b, bh	b, bh	b, v
ג	gímmel, ḡímel	gímel, ghímel	gímel, ghímel	gimel	gimel	gimmel	g, ḡ	g, gh	g, gh	g
ד	dā́leṯ, ḏā́leṯ	dāleth, dhāleth	dàleth, dhàleth	dalet	dalet	doles	d, ḏ	d, dh	d, dh	d
ה	?	hê	hê	he	he, hei, e, ei	hei	h, Ḏ	?	?	h (2)
ו	wāw	wāw	wàw	vav	vav	vov, vof	?	w	w	v
ז	?	záyin	záyin	zayin	zayin	zayin	?	z	z	?
ח	ḥêṯ, (3) ḫêṯ	ħêth, (3) xêth	h`êth, (3) xêth	het	chet	ches	ḥ, (3) ḫ	ħ, (3) x	h`, (3) x	h, ch (4)
ט	ṭêṯ	ţêth	t`êth	tet	tet	tes	ṭ	ţ	t`	t
י	yôḏ	yôdh	yôdh	yod	yod, yud	yud	?	y	y	y, i (8)
ך כ	kāp̄, ḵāp̄	kāph, khāph	kàph, khàph	kaf	kaf, chaf	kof, chof	k, ḵ	k, kh	k, kh	k, ch
ל	lā́meḏ	lāmedh	làmedh	lamed	lamed	lomed	?	l	l	l
ם מ	mēm	mēm	mèm	mem	mem	mem	?	m	m	m
ן נ	?	nûn	nûn	nun	nun	nun	?	n	n	n
ס	sā́mekh	sāmekh	sàmekh	samekh	samech	somech	?	s	s	s
ע	ʿáyin, (3) ġáyin	‘áyin, (3) ġáyin	`áyin, (3) 3áyin	ayin	ayin	ayin, oyin	ʿ, (3) ġ	‘, (3) ġ	`, (3) 3	' (9)
ף פ	pê, p̄ê	pê, phê	pê, phê	pe	pe, pei, fe/fei	pei, fei	p, p̄	p, ph	p, ph	p, f
ץ צ	ṣāḏê	şādhê	s`àdhê	tsadi	tzadi, tzadik	tsodi, tsodik	ṣ	ş	s`	tz, ts, z
ק	?	qôph	qôph	qof	kof, kuf	kuf	?	q	q	k
ר	rêš	rêš	rêsh	resh	resh, reish	reish	?	r	r	r
ש	šîn, śîn	šîn, śîn	shîn, lhîn	shin	shin, sin	shin, sin	š, ś	š, ś	sh, lh	sh, s
ת	tāw, ṯāw	tāw, thāw	tàw, thàw	tav	tav	tov, tof, sov, sof	t, ṯ	t, th	t, th	t

Historically, the consonants ב bet, ג gimel, ד dalet, כ kaf, פ pe, and ת tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive consonant), and one soft (fricative consonant), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (דגש), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In masoretic manuscripts, the soft fricative consonants are indicated by a small line on top of the letter; this diacritical mark is called raphe (רפה), but its use has been largely discontinued in printed texts.
א alef, ה he, ו vav and י yod are consonants that can sometimes fill the position of a vowel. vav and yod in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants.
ש shin and sin are two separate phonemes written with the same letter. They are not mutually allophonic. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.
In Israel's general population, many consonants have merged to the same pronunciation. They are:
- א alef with ayin and (varyingly) ה he
- ב bet (without dagesh) with ו vav
- ח het with כ kaf (without dagesh)
- ט tet with ת tav (both with and without dagesh)
- כ kaf (with dagesh) with ק qof
- ס samekh with שׂ sin (but not with שׁ shin)
- צ tsadi with the consonant cluster תס tav-samekh

[kemmañ] Vowel formation

Some of the letters, as well as their consonantal function, also acted as matres lectionis to represent vowels, as follows:

Symbol	Name	Vowel formation
א	alef	ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
ה	he	ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
ו	vav	ô, û
י	yod	î, ê, ệ

[kemmañ] Ancient Hebrew

Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /p t k b d g/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeDKePHaT letters. (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as stops [p t k b d g] at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives [p̄ ṯ ḵ ḇ ḏ ḡ] — [f θ x v ð ɣ]}} when preceded by a vowel. The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds [ḏ] and [ḡ] have reverted to [d] and [g], and [ṯ] has become [t], so only the remaining three letters show variation.

ו vav was a semivowel /w/ (as in English, not as in German).

ח het and ע ayin were pharyngeal fricatives, צ tsadi was an emphatic /s/, ט tet was an emphatic /t/, and ק qof was /q/. All these are common Semitic consonants.

שׂ sin (the /s/ variant of ש shin) was originally different from both שׁ shin and ס samekh, but had become /s/ the same as ס samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely /ɬ/ pe /tɬ/.