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拖拉机 - Wikipedia

拖拉机

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Image:03wiki-zn-frontpage-icon.gif拖拉机正在翻译。欢迎您积极翻译与修订
目前已翻译80%,原文在en:tractor

拖拉机也指一种牌类游戏,即升级

A modern farm tractor.
A modern farm tractor.

拖拉机(tractor)来自拉丁语中的trahere,意思是“拉”。它是一种用来拖拉,牵引其他不能自行移动设备的装备。一般来说,它是一种用来拖拽其他车辆或设备的车辆。

英国英语中,拖拉机专指农业上使用的拖拉机。

目录

[编辑] 农业拖拉机

拖拉机最常被用于描述在农场中使用的车辆。农业拖拉机被用于拖拽农业机械或拖车,用以耕作,收割或其他类似的任务。

十九世纪二十世纪早期,最早出现的机械化的农业设备是蒸汽拖拉机。他们采用安全性不高,容易爆炸及困惑驾驶员的蒸汽引擎,使用履带驱动。这些机器在二十世纪二十年代由于内燃机的推行而逐步淘汰。

现代农用拖拉机通常有四个脚踏板供驾驶者操纵。左边的脚踏板用于操纵离合器,驾驶者踩下此踏板使变速箱分离,以便换档或使拖拉机停下来。右边的两个踏板刹车,分别用来制动左右后轮,在后轮驱动车辆中采用这种方式,可以增大车辆的转向角度。在急转弯时经常会遇到这种情况;同样,在泥浆或软土上行驶时,车辆经常打滑,所以也会用到。驾驶者同时踩下两个踏板使拖拉机停下来。当四轮驱动拖拉机以一定速度行驶时,通过接合四轮锁止式差速器使拖拉机停止下来。

[编辑] 工作

右边最远的踏板是油门脚踏板。与汽车不一样,它也可以通过手动操纵杆控制。这即可以让车辆在田间工作时保持稳定的速度,也可以通过轴或皮带为拖拉机后面的挂件提供持续的动力。油门脚踏板让驾驶者在道路作业时有驾驶汽车那样的感觉。这是现代拖拉机的一个特点,以前的拖拉机通常不会这样。在英国,拖拉机在路上行驶时,只能使用油门脚踏板来控制发动机的速度。


[编辑] 动力和通讯

现代农用拖拉机采用大功率的柴油发动机,输出的功率从18马力到400马力(15--400千瓦)。通常拖拉机可分为两轮驱动,前轮辅助驱动的两轮驱动,或四轮驱动(通常与铰接式转向连用)。传统风格拖拉机的变种包括小型的“草坪拖拉机”和功能更大、结构更结实的“手扶拖拉机”,手扶拖拉机功率通常在10-25马力,用来干农场里比较轻的活(和割草机/割草)和美化景观。现代拖拉机在路上行驶时,由于尺寸较小,速度较慢。因此,那些心急的汽车驾驶者经常会按喇叭警告他们。

图:拖拉机PTO轴/装在拖拉机上的PTO轴

A PTO shaft plugged into a tractor.
A PTO shaft plugged into a tractor.

多数拖拉机都可以将动力传到连接的挂件上,像压捆机,锯木机和割草机等。早期的拖拉机通过装在滑轮上的皮带将动力传到挂件上。现代拖拉机使用取力器轴(PTO)将旋转动力传递到固定或拖曳在拖拉机上的挂件上。现在,几乎所有的拖拉机都可以向外提供液压和电能。

多数农用拖拉机使用手动变速箱。他们通常有多个檔位,速度从1里/小时到25里/小时。以前的拖拉机在换档时,通常要踩下踏板使离合器分离后才能实现(变速箱中只能使用直齿轮)。现代拖拉机由于采用了像无段变速这样的新技术,就不需要这样。相比单独使用踏板拖操纵,拉机驾驶者可以更容易地根据需要选择更多更合适的工作速度。

拖拉机在许多情况下工作时都需要较低的速度,这样农民在田间工作时就可以更好地控制它。但是,在公共道路上行驶时,这样慢的速度会造成交通堵塞,大量车辆被堵在路上,影响其他车辆正常的行驶。为解决这个问题,有些国家(比如荷兰)在路上设置“农用拖拉机禁行”的标志。象JCB Fastrac这样的现代拖拉机,速度可达到50mph,以这样的速度在路上行驶,基本可以被接受。

[编辑] 安全

传统的条行播种拖拉机(中耕拖拉机)不带翻车保护系统

The classic Row Crop tractor. Note the absence of any rollover protection system.
The classic Row Crop tractor. Note the absence of any rollover protection system.

现代拖拉机都带有翻车保护系统(ROPS),拖拉机翻车时就不会碾压倒驾驶者。对露天拖拉机来说,这点更重要,他们的ROPS通常是延伸到驾驶座上的一束钢带。如果是带驾驶室的拖拉机,ROPS是驾驶室的一部分。在没有ROPS以前,许多驾驶者在拖拉机翻车后被压死。这时的露天拖拉机,采用的是三轮设计,两个前轮靠的比较近,而且角度向内冲着地面,非常危险。拖拉机在陡坡上行驶时,驾驶员经常因翻车而被压死。荷兰于1960年首先在法律上规定要求在拖拉机上使用ROPS.

[编辑] 应用

农机具通过挂钩或三点式悬挂机构连接在拖拉机上,三点式悬挂机构是由亨利.福格森发明的,从1960年开始,就成为拖拉机的一个标准。连在三点式悬挂机构上的农具,通过操纵液压手柄,可以提升或降低。连在三点式悬挂机构上的农具通常完全由拖拉机支撑。


拖拉机除了在农场中使用外,在其他许多地方,我们也可以发现它的存在:大学的园林系,公园等,高速公路的工作人员经常将喷枪钢瓶用带子固定在拖拉机的一侧,风钻/空压机牢牢地固定在取力器轴上。

[编辑] 精确农业

随着空间技术的发展,GPS被广泛用在农业上,用户根据需要可以选择是否在拖拉机上安装车载计算机。这些技术在现代化的精细农业中被采用。从空间竞赛中衍生出来的技术大大推进了农业耕种的现代化,以及无人驾驶拖拉机和人工驾驶拖拉机在大规模农场中的共同使用。


[编辑] 制造商

  • Allis-Chalmers
  • Big Bud
  • Case Corporation and International Harvester
  • Case IH and New Holland (now brands of CNH Global)
  • David Brown Limited
  • Deere & Company
  • Farmall
  • Ford Tractor Co.
  • Massey Ferguson
  • Minneapolis Moline Tractors
  • Oliver Corporation
  • Steiger Tractor Company
  • White

[编辑] Backhoe loader 挖掘装载机

通用的挖掘装载机。左边是挖掘机,铲斗/刀片在右边

A common backhoe-loader. The backhoe is on the left, the bucket/blade on the right.
A common backhoe-loader. The backhoe is on the left, the bucket/blade on the right.

拖拉机最常见的变种是“挖掘装载机”,其名字中包含这样的信息,装载机载前面,挖掘机在后面。当装载机和挖掘机永久连在一起的时候,就不叫拖拉机,因为他们基本上不承担拉东西的功能,因此也没有取力器轴。当挖掘机被固定上以后,通常上面安装一个可旋转的座椅,操作者工作时可以面对被操作对象。移动的挖掘机上几乎都会装一个单独的座椅。


挖掘装载机很常见,并能承担各种任务:建筑、小型爆破、运送少量的建筑材料、为建筑设备提供动力、挖孔、轧碎沥青和铺路面。有些铲豆的根部是可伸缩的,可以快速有效地将里面的东起倾倒出来。可伸缩铲斗也可用来整平路面或清除沙子。前面安装的部件可以是活动的,也可以是永久安装的,只有铲斗是可更换的。


挖掘装载机相对较小的体积和精确的控制系统使得它非常有用,在土木工程和城市工程中经常用到,比如在大型设备没法工作的狭小空间里进行建筑和维修。他的多功能及紧凑的结构使他们成为城市建设上的最主要的设备。

[编辑] 工程拖拉机

拖拉机的耐用性和发动机功率使得它最适合承担工程任务。拖拉机上经常安装一些工程工具,如推土机、推土铲,转载设备、铲斗、耕地设备、收获机等。推土机和铲斗经常装在拖拉机的前面,拖拉机安装工程工具以后,通常取名为工程车辆。

推土机通常是履带式拖拉机,前面装有刀片,后面装绳索绞盘。推土机是动力非常强大的拖拉机,和地面的接触非常好,其主要的任务就是推或拉东西。


推土机一直在不断发展,新产品越来越多,并具备以前拖拉机所不具备的功能。装载机就是一个例子,他用大的铲斗替代原来的刀片,并用液压臂来提升或降低铲斗,因此可以很容易捞起泥土、岩石和松软的材料并把他们装到卡车上。


前面装载式装载机和装载机是带工程工具的拖拉机,有两个液压动力的臂,分别装在前机舱的两侧;还有一个倾倒设备,其实就是一个开口较大的铲斗,也有的安装的是平板叉或打包机。

推土机的改型品种还包括将设备做得更小,以便在运动受到限制的狭小区域里工作。还有小轮装载机,正是的名称是滑动转向装载机,还有一个“山猫“的绰号。它特别适用于在有限的空间里进行的挖掘工程。


[编辑] 廉价拖拉机

A Ford rebuilt to an EPA tractor.
A Ford rebuilt to an EPA tractor.
An "A tractor" based on Volvo 760. Notice the slow vehicle triangle and the longer boot.
An "A tractor" based on Volvo 760. Notice the slow vehicle triangle and the longer boot.

二战期间,在瑞典因为拖拉机短缺,人们发明了一种新型的“EPA拖拉机”(EPA意味着功能简化,经常用来表示某些东西在质量上有欠缺)。EPA拖拉机被简化成汽车,卡车或货车,前排座位以后的载客空间被砍掉,然后安装两个变速箱。 During World War 2 there was a shortage of tractors in Sweden and this lead to the invention of a new type of tractor called the EPA tractor (EPA was a chain of discount stores and it was often used to signify something of lacking in quality). An EPA tractor was simply an automobile, truck or lorry, with the passenger space was cut off behind the front seats, equipped with two gearboxes in a row. When done to an older car with a ladder frame, the result was not dissimilar to a tractor and could be used as one.

After the war it remaind popular, now not as a farm vehicle, but as a way for young people without a driver's license to own something similar to a car. Since it was legally seen as a tractor it could be driven from 16 years of age and only required a tractor license. Eventually the legal loophole was closed and no new EPA tractors were allowed to be made, but the remaining were still legal, something that led to inflated prices and many protests who people that prefered EPA tractors to ordinary cars.

In March 31, 1975 a similar type of vehicle was introduced, the A tractor [from arbetstraktor (work tractor)]. The main difference is that an A tractor has a top speed of 30 km/h. This is usually done by fitting two gearboxes in a row and not using one of them. Volvo Duett was for a long time the primary choice for conversion to an EPA or A tractor, but since supply have since dried up other cars have been used, in most cases a Volvo.

[编辑] 其他拖拉机种类

The term tractor or tractor unit (UK) is also applied to:

Road tractors
Heavy-duty vehicles with large engines and several axles. These tractors are designed to pull long road trailers, most often for the transport of freight of some kind over a significant distance (see semi-trailer). In England this type of "tractor" is often called an "artic cab".
Locomotive tractors (engines)
the amalgamation of machines, generators, controls and devices that comprise the traction component of railway vehicles
Artillery tractors
Vehicles used to tow artillery pieces of varying weights.

[编辑] 空间领域

In aircraft, a tractor configuration refers to the propellers being in front of the fuselage or wing. Conversely, if to the rear, it is a called a pusher configuration.

NASA and other space agencies use very large tractors to ferry launch vehicles like booster rockets and space shuttles from their hangars to (and in rare cases, from) the launchpad.

[编辑] 电脑领域

A tractor is also the part of a computer printer that pulls paper into the device or pushes it along. This usually takes the form of a toothed gear that meshes with holes punched near the edge of the paper, or a belt or wheel with rubber or other high-friction surface that makes contact with the paper.

[编辑] 参看

  • Tractor beam
  • List of farm implements
  • Backhoe loader
  • Bulldozer
  • Crane
  • Engineering vehicles
  • Excavator
  • Grader
  • Front loader
  • Skid loader
  • Space technology
  • Tractor pulling

[编辑] 外部链接

Static Wikipedia 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2006 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

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