彼得潘
维基百科，自由的百科全书
彼得潘(Peter Pan)是由蘇格蘭小說家及劇作家詹姆斯·馬修·巴利 (James Matthew Barrie, 1860-1937)所創造的小說角色名，也是同名改編的舞台劇、兒童故事、以及其他衍生作品的共同名稱。故事是關於一個拒絕長大的小男孩，帶領著一群孤兒在永無島 (Neverland)所遭遇到的各種冒險故事。
目录 |
[编辑] 故事線
貝瑞總共寫過三個關於彼得潘的故事：
- 肯辛頓公園的彼得潘 (Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens)(1906)， 取材于书中的一节 “小白鸟”(1902)。
- 舞台剧《彼得潘》， 也作《不愿长大的男孩》(于1904年12月27日首演); (1928年首次公开演出)
- 《彼得和温蒂》(1911), 后更名为《彼得潘》, 一部基于戏剧的儿童小说。
一些续集、改编以及衍生产品在那之后出现，都有一些对故事线的轻微修改。
[编辑] 肯辛頓公園的彼得潘
In this story, Peter Pan escapes from being a human at the tender age of seven days. He, having been a bird before he was a boy, believed he was still a bird, and so he flew out the window to the Kensington Gardens. He soon discovered that something was a bit off about him, so he flew to the island in the Serpentine where all the birds-who-become-children are born.
At the island, he asks the wise old bird Solomon what is wrong -- and Solomon explains that he is now a little boy. Peter is quite horrified, and then for a moment he doubts whether he can fly any more, and so he cannot. Perfect faith is to have wings.
Peter grows up on the island -- that is to say, he spends a very long time on the island -- but he always wishes he could go back to the Kensington Gardens and play as little girls and boys do. So one day, all the thrushes on the island build Peter a huge nest that he can use as a boat. And from then on, Peter goes to the Gardens at night to play, just as real boys do in the daytime.
Peter makes friends with the fairies in the Gardens, and he plays on his pipes for them at their dances and ceremonies. So the fairies grant him a wish of his heart -- and Peter asks to go back to his mother. So the fairies give him the ability to fly, and off he goes straight to his mother, who he finds is very sad -- and Peter knows why. But he cannot bring himself to leave behind his boat and the fairies and his fun in the Gardens, and so he flies away, planning to come back later. But Peter is having too much fun to hurry back and when he finally does fly home, the window is barred and his mother has a new little boy to love.
Peter spends a very long time as a little boy in the Gardens, playing without ceasing but never knowing that he was doing it all wrong, that is, until he meets a little girl named Maimie, who remains in the Garden after Lock-Out. Maimie helps precipitate a fairy wedding, and so she finds favor with the fairies, who build her a little house for the night. And in the morning, she meets Peter Pan, who asks her to marry him after a touching scene in which kisses are confused with thimbles, as in the stage play. Maimie agrees, but then Peter seems to like her fur coat (for a nest) better than her, and she remembers her mother -- and the long and short of it is that she goes back to her family. But she leaves Peter a present a little while later -- an imaginary goat, which she asks the fairies to turn into a real goat. It is thus that Peter acquired the goat he rides on in the Gardens.
Every night, Peter rides around the Gardens, looking for lost children, and if he finds them, he puts them in a fairy house. Sometimes he is too late and then he buries them (in twos, so that they should not be lonely) and carves a tombstone for them. The story ends, "I do hope Peter is not too ready with his spade. It is all rather sad."
[编辑] 彼得潘與溫蒂
Later renamed Peter Pan.
This is the portion of J. M. Barrie's mythos of Peter Pan that is best known to most readers.
In both the play and the novel, Peter invites the girl Wendy Darling to the Neverland to be a mother for his gang of Lost Boys. Her brothers John and Michael come along. Many adventures ensue, including the near-death of the fairy Tinker Bell, and a climactic confrontation with Peter's nemesis, the pirate Captain Hook of the pirate ship the Jolly Roger. In the end, Wendy decides that her place is at home, and brings all the boys back to London. Peter remains in the Neverland, and Wendy grows up.
[编辑] 背景
Barrie created Peter Pan in stories he told to the sons of his friend Sylvia Llewelyn-Davies, with whom he had forged a special relationship while both were married.
The character's name comes from two sources: Peter Llewelyn-Davies, at the time the youngest of the boys, and Pan, the mischievous Greek god of the woodlands. Mrs. Llewelyn-Davies' death from cancer came within a few years of the death of her husband. Barrie was named as co-guardian of the boys and unofficially adopted them.
It has also been suggested that the inspiration for the character was Barrie's elder brother David, whose death in a skating accident at the age of thirteen deeply affected their mother. According to Andrew Birkin, author of J.M. Barrie and the Lost Boys, the death was "a catastrophe beyond belief, and one from which she never fully recovered . . . If Margaret Ogilvy [Barrie's mother as the heroine of his 1896 novel of that title] drew a measure of comfort from the notion that David, in dying a boy, would remain a boy for ever, Barrie drew inspiration."
Maude Adams as Peter in an early stage productionPeter Pan first appeared in print in a 1902 book called The Little White Bird, a fictionalised version of Barrie's relationship with the Llewelyn Davies children, and was then used in a very successful stage play, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, which premiered in London on December 27, 1904.
In 1906, the portion of The Little White Bird which featured Peter Pan was published as the book Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with illustrations by Arthur Rackham. Barrie then adapted the play into the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy (most often now published simply as Peter Pan).
There are seven statues of Peter Pan playing a set of pipes, cast from a mold by sculptor George Frampton, following an original commission by Barrie. The statues are in Kensington Gardens in London, in Liverpool, in Brussels, in Camden, New Jersey, in Perth, in Toronto, and in Bowring Park in St. John's, Newfoundland.
[编辑] 溫蒂
Barrie is sometimes said to have "invented" the name Wendy with this story. Barrie's friend, poet William Henley called Barrie "friend" but Henley's 4-year-old daughter Margaret could only pronounce that as "My Fweiendy" or "Fwendy-Wendy".
In fact, the name was already in use in both the United States and Britain, but was extremely rare. The Peter Pan stories popularized the name, at first in Britain. Wendy is related to the Welsh name Gwendolyn, and was used by Barrie at a time when Welsh names were making a resurgence in England.
[编辑] 主題
The most apparent thematic thread in the story concerns "growing up" (or not), with the character of Peter wanting to remain a child forever in order to avoid the responsibilities of adulthood. "Peter Pan syndrome" has become a psychiatric term named by Dr. Dan Kiley to describe an adult who is afraid of commitment and/or refuses to act his age. It is also sometimes used to positively describe an innocent, childlike approach to life.
Along with the theme of "growing up" is the theme of death and innocence. Barrie's tale is intricately tied to the real Llewelyn-Davies boys and the deaths of both their mother and father.
Mr. Darling is constantly troubling himself with 'adult' matters. He is continually fussing over money and respect, yet he never even attempts to hide his immaturity, because he is simply unaware of it. Peter is also like that. He is the leader of the Lost Boys because he is the "bravest" and the "smartest". But whenever anything is brought up that he does not understand, he dismisses it and makes it seem inferior. Barrie is making a point: being egotistical will bring you down, not up. There is a reason why there are only lost boys and not lost girls. Girls are more mature and see the significance in growing up and maturity. Barrie is making another point: there is nothing wrong with being childish, being egotistical is the problem. If Mr. Darling represents the negative aspects of being childish, Mrs. Darling personifies when acting like a child is acceptable. She has nothing against childish acts, only immature acts. Her own personality is one of a child's, yet it is made up of the positive traits of a child. Wendy is also like her mother. She chooses to grow up, rather than staying in Neverland. Mr. Darling, along with Peter, are both immature, arrogant, and selfish. They have made their decision not to grow up. And that, somehow, seems to fascinates the girls while, at same time, keeping them at a safe distance.
Peter and Wendy form a contrast between childhood and maturity. Peter Pan remains a child in mind because he cannot feel pain of death affecting him or those around him. Peter has one emotion only: gladness, and occasionally to that he adds childish fury. He forgets soon after the fact anything that is not happy and lighthearted: "I always forget them after I kill them".
There is a slight romantic aspect to the story, which is generally played down, or omitted completely, in the movie adaptations. Wendy's flirtatious (by standards of the day) desire to kiss Peter, his desire for a mother figure, his conflicting feelings for Wendy, Tiger Lily and Tinker Bell (each representing different female archetypes), and the symbolism of his fight with Captain Hook (traditionally played by the same actor as Wendy's father), all could possibly hint at a Freudian interpretation (see Oedipus Complex). Disney's "Peter Pan" completely omitted any hint that Wendy might have romantic feelings for Peter, as do most "children's adaptations" of the play, but Barrie's 1904 original, his 1911 novelization of it, the 1924 silent film, the Mary Martin 1954 musical version, the forgotten 1976 Mia Farrow musical version, and the 2003 film certainly do.
[编辑] 作品改編
Peter Pan has been adapted for stage and screen many times. Following the example of Barrie's original stage version, and Peter usually - but not always - has been played by an adult female. This is because the harness used to lift Peter wraps around the waist and groin area, which would cause significant discomfort if the player was male.
Captain Hook fends off the crocodile in the first film version of Peter PanParamount Pictures released the first film version of Peter Pan in 1924, a silent movie starring Betty Bronson as Peter and Ernest Torrence as Hook.
Mary Martin as PeterSeveral musical versions of the play have been produced, of which the best known are Leonard Bernstein's 1950 version, and, especially, the 1954 version mounted by Jerome Robbins (originally to have only a few incidental songs with music by Moose Charlap and lyrics by Carolyn Leigh, but evolved into a full Broadway show with additional music by Jule Styne and lyrics by the team of Betty Comden and Adolph Green). The 1954 version became widely known as a vehicle for Mary Martin and later for a series of female gymnasts, including Cathy Rigby. The 1954 version was restaged for television by NBC as part of its monthly high-quality dramatic series Producers' Showcase and broadcast on March 7, 1955 as a historic, live color television event. The production was so well received that Producers' Showcase remounted a second live version on January 9, 1956. Mary Martin played TV's Peter Pan for the third time on December 8, 1960 and it is this version, recorded on color videotape that was repeated in 1963, 1966 and 1973. Subsequently it was presumed lost and not broadcast again until March of 1989. In the meantime, a new TV musical production was broadcast on NBC's Hallmark Hall of Fame on December 12, 1976. It starred Mia Farrow as Peter and Danny Kaye as Captain Hook. Notably, it had a brand new score, with music and lyrics by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The recorded voice of Julie Andrews was also a part of the production, singing one of the numbers. However, it was a quick failure which remains forgotten today.
Disney's Peter with the Lost BoysOn February 5, 1953, Disney released its animated film version of Peter Pan with music by Sammy Cahn, Frank Churchill, Sammy Fain, and Ted Sears. 15-year-old film actor Bobby Driscoll supplied the voice of Peter. In the film, a visual reference is made to Peter's ties to the Pan of Greek mythology by showing him absentmindedly playing the Pan pipes (also called panflute), which the nature spirit was famous for playing.
The 1979 stage version starred Broadway and television actress Sandy Duncan.
In 2000, the Cathy Rigby version, featuring almost all of the songs used in the 1954 version, was telecast by A&E on cable television. Both the Mary Martin and Cathy Rigby versions were eventually released on VHS and DVD, but sadly, the Mary Martin version, which many consider far superior to the Rigby one despite its technical limitations, has gone out of print, and as of now, no company is making any efforts to reissue it.
P. J. Hogan's 2003 live-action film version Peter Pan is notable for being the first film to cast a young teenage boy (Jeremy Sumpter) to portray Peter. Wendy was played by Rachel Hurd-Wood and Hook by Jason Isaacs, who also plays the role of the Darling children's father
[编辑] 續集作品
There have been several additions to Peter Pan's story created, both authorised and not.
Gilbert Adair's novel Peter Pan and the Only Children was published in 1987. It has Peter living with a new gang of Lost Boys under the ocean, recruiting children who fall from passing ships as new members.
In 1989, Nippon Studios released an anime version, Peeta Pan no Bouken, as part of its World Masterpiece Theater series. The first 23 episodes are a loose adaptation of Barrie's story, while the latter half of the series introduces a completely original arc with new supporting characters. Takashi Nakamura, chief animator of Akira, did the character design for this project.
In 1990, Fox Studios released the short-lived cartoon series Peter Pan and the Pirates, about the daily adventures of Peter, Wendy, and the Lost Boys. Voice talents in the cast included Jason Marsden as Peter and Tim Curry as Captain Hook. Curry won an Emmy for his performance. The series is notable for drawing much of its characterization from the original book and play, particularly Captain Hook and his henchman Smee, so that they are not one-dimensional villains but complex, even ambiguous figures.
In 1990, French artist Regis Loisel began a series of comic books titled Peter Pan, which constitute a bawdy, violent prequel to Barrie's work, and give Peter Pan's backstory a distinctly Dickensian flavor. The series consists of six volumes.
Steven Spielberg's 1991 film Hook has a grown-up Peter (played by Robin Williams) lured back to Neverland by Tinker Bell (Julia Roberts) to fight the returned Captain Hook (Dustin Hoffman). (Robert DeNiro had been considered for the role of Captain Hook prior to the casting of Hoffman)
J.E. Somma published After the Rain: A New Adventure for Peter Pan in 2001. It is set in modern times, and tells of Peter's reaction to a world that has grown to neglect him, and his rescue by three children who teach him that it's OK to grow up.
In October, 2001, R. Scott Leatherwood's Neverland: the Early Adventures of Peter Pan was released. It attempted to answer seventeen questions about Peter's life before meeting the Darling children.
In 2002, Disney released Return to Neverland, a sequel to the 1953 Disney adaptation, in which Wendy's daughter Jane becomes involved with Peter Pan. This sequel is set during the Blitz, and deals with the issue of children being forced to grow up too fast.
Peter Pan plays an important part as a background character in the 2002 novel The League of Heroes by Xavier Maumejean. The story is set in an alternate universe in which Neverland has materialized in Kensington Gardens. The fairy folk are commonplace in London, as are pirates and Indians. Peter Pan is considered an enemy of the repressive government and is pursued by the League whose members include Lord Admiral Hook (Captain Hook), Sherlock Holmes, and Lord Greystoke (Tarzan).
Hyperion Books (a subsidiary of Disney) published the 2004 book Peter and the Starcatchers by humorist Dave Barry and suspense writer Ridley Pearson. It is an unofficial prequel to the story of Peter and Wendy, set on a ship called Never Land. In 2005, the publisher announced plans by Disney to adapt the book as a digitally animated movie, and to publish a sequel to it entitled Peter and the Shadow Thieves and a series of five chapter books titled The Never Land Adventures, the first two of which—Escape from the Carnivale and Cave of the Dark Wind—are planned to be released in Fall 2006.
Another related series published by Disney Press was released in late 2005. The Disney Fairy series began with "Fairy Dust and the Quest for the Egg" by Newbery award winning author [[Gail Carson Levine]. It introduces a new cast of Neverland fairies, one of whom is Tinker Bell. Peter Pan and Captain Hook are mentioned in the book, but play very minor roles. Additional books in the series are intended for younger readers, and were written by various authors, focusing on the different characters invented by Carson Levine.
In 2004, Karen Wallace's Wendy hit the stands. Supposedly a prequel to the events in Peter Pan, it is an attempt to justify the Darling children's willingness to fly away with Peter on the grounds that their home life, up to shortly before Peter appeared, had been filled with abuse and tragedy: a cruel nanny, a criminally irresponsible father, a suggestion of insanity in the family.
In 2005, James V. Hart published the book Capt. Hook by arrangement with Great Ormond Street Hospital. The book details the history of 15-year old James Matthew, young Oppidian Scholar and future Captain Hook. The book portrays the villainous youth in a sympathetic light.
Also in 2005, Great Ormond Street Hospital announced that Geraldine McCaughrean had been chosen to write a hospital-authorised sequel to Barrie's novel. Her book is entitled 'Peter Pan in Scarlet' and will be published simultaneously in the UK, the US and around 20 other countries on October 5th 2006.
[编辑] 版權狀況
The copyright status of Peter Pan varies from one jurisdiction to another, and is disputed in at least one of them. The question is complicated somewhat by the various versions in which the story has been published. For example, elements introduced in the earliest versions of the story by Barrie may be in public domain in a given jurisdiction, but elements introduced in later editions or adaptations might not. For example, Disney holds the copyright for the character designs, songs, etc. introduced in the 1953 animated film, but not for the characters themselves.
[编辑] 歐盟國家
Great Ormond Street Hospital (to which Barrie assigned the copyright as a gift before his death) claims full copyright in the European Union until the end of 2007. In the 1990s, the term of copyrights was standardised throughout the EU (see Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection) to extend 70 years after the creator's death. Although Peter Pan was considered public domain in some jurisdictions at that time, this provision placed it back under copyright protection.
[编辑] 英國
The U.K. copyright for Peter Pan originally expired at the end of 1987 (50 years after Barrie's death), but was reestablished through 2007 by the European Union directive. Additionally, in 1988 the government had enacted a perpetual extension of some of the rights to the work, entitling the hospital to royalties for any performance or publication of the work. This is not a true perpetual copyright, however, as it does not grant the hospital creative control nor the right to refuse permission. Nor does it cover the Peter Pan sections of The Little White Bird, which pre-dates the play. The exact phrasing is in section 301 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988:
[编辑] 美國
The conversion of U.S. copyright terms from a fixed number of years following publication, to an extending number of years following the creator's death, has introduced confusion over Peter Pan's copyright status. Great Ormond Street Hospital claims that U.S. legislation effective in 1978 and again in 1998 extended their copyright until 2023. Their claim is based on the copyright for the play script for Peter Pan, which was not published until 1928. By then, the character of Peter Pan had appeared in three previously published books, the copyrights of which have since expired.
GOSH's claim is contested by various parties, including Disney, who had cooperated with the hospital previously, but in 2004 published Dave Barry's and Ridley Pearson's Peter and the Starcatchers without permission or royalty payments. The Library of Congress catalog states that the original edition of Peter and Wendy was published in 1911, and Disney asserts that that material, like any other work published before 1923, was already in the public domain at the time of these extensions, and was therefore ineligible to be extended.
A dispute between the hospital and writer J.E. Somma over the U.S. publication of her sequel After the Rain, was settled out of court in March 2005. GOSH and Somma issued a joint statement which characterized her novel as "fair use" of the hospital's "U.S. intellectual property rights". Their confidential settlement does not set any legal precedent, however.
[编辑] 其他地區
The original versions of Peter Pan are in the public domain in Australia and in Canada (where Somma's book was first published without incident).
[编辑] 文學爭論
Like many other works of fiction from the era (such as the works of Rudyard Kipling and Mark Twain), the Peter Pan canon contains much material which is likely to be construed as offensive to modern audiences. Specifically, the books have been accused of both racism and sexism. The former charge primarily concerns the portrayal of Native Americans in Peter and Wendy--the portrayal is highly stereotypical, with Native Americans being shown as warlike primitives who speak in guttural tones. Barrie's treatment of female characters has also been criticized by modern readers--most of the female characters in Peter and Wendy (Wendy, Tinker Bell, Tiger Lily, and the mermaids) fawn after Peter Pan (and Tinker Bell makes several attempts on Wendy's life out of jealousy), yet Peter ignores all of their affections.
This criticism is also leveled against several more recent adaptations of the story; most notably the 1953 Disney film. The film contains a song often criticized as offensive, namely What Makes The Red Man Red?, a catalog of Native American stereotypes. Until the 2002 release of the DVD version of this film (which included all of the allegedly offensive content, uncensored), it was widely speculated that Disney's Peter Pan would meet the same fate as the film version of Song of the South, which has heretofore been withheld (by Disney) from the United States market on the grounds that it is racist.
Many authors of recent adaptations of Peter Pan (as well as virtually all of the modern "sequels") have chosen to soften (or eliminate altogether) the harsh portrayal of Native Americans. The 2003 film version directed by P. J. Hogan has been noted for going to the opposite extreme; several reviewers have criticized it for being excessively politically correct. The Disney sequel, Return to Neverland, features a heroine (Wendy's daughter Jane) who, rather than being a passive "damsel in distress", is fully capable of defending herself (and saving Peter from the clutches of Captain Hook). It should also be noted that in this sequel, no Native Americans are actually seen, only alluded to in a scene where flying over Neverland, Jane sees a tee-pee with smoke rising out of it.
[编辑] 參見
- 彼得潘症候群
- 虎克船長
- 小飛俠 (電影)
- 尋找新樂園
[编辑] 相關網站
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