Mafia
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- Xin xem các mục từ khác có tên tương tự ở Mafia (định hướng).
Mafia, cũng thường được gọi trong tiếng Ý là Cosa Nostra (có nghĩa là "của chúng ta"), là một tổ chức xã hội bí mật có nguồn gốc từ các tổ chức tội phạm Ý hoạt động giữa thế kỷ 19 ở đảo Sicilia.
Mục lục |
[sửa] Sơ lược
An offshoot emerged on the East Coast of the United States during the late 19th century following waves of Italian immigration to that country.
"Mafia" is often used by extension to refer to any large group of people engaged in criminal racketeering activities, such as the Russian Mafia, Mexican Mafia, Japanese Yakuza, Irish Mob, Chinese Triads, Albanian mafia, Cuban Mafia, Black Mafia, Indian mafia, and several other ethnic organized crime groups.
The Mafia's power in the United States peaked in the mid-20th century, until a series of FBI investigations in the 1970s and 1980s somewhat curtailed the Mafia's influence. Despite the decline, the Mafia and its reputation have become entrenched in American popular culture, portrayed in movies, TV shows, and even product commercials.
Presently the Mafia is the most powerful criminal organization operating in the U.S. and uses this status to maintain control over the majority of both Chicago's and New York City's criminal enterprises. It also has links to the more established organization from which it sprung, the original Sicilian Mafia.[citation needed]
[sửa] Nguồn gốc thuật ngữ Mafia
The word 'Mafia' is the noun form of Sicilian adjective "mafiusu," which has its roots in Arabic. Roughly translated it means "beautiful", but can also be translated as "cool." In reference to a man, "mafiusu" in nineteenth-century Sicily was ambiguous, signifying a bully, arrogant but also fearless, enterprising, and proud, according to scholar Diego Gambetta.[1]
The connotation of the word with the criminal secret society was made by the 1863 play I mafiusi di la Vicaria 'The Beautiful (people) of Vicaria' by Giuseppe Rizzotto and Gaetano Mosca which is about criminal gangs in the Palermo prison. The words mafia or mafiusu are never mentioned in the play, and were probably put in the title because it would add local flair.
The association between "mafiusu" and criminal gangs was made by the association the play's title made with the criminal gangs that was new to Siclian and Italian Society at the time. Consequently, the word mafia was generated from fictional source loosely inspired by the real thing and was used by outsiders to describe it. The use of the term mafia was subsequently taken over in the Italian state's early reports on the phenomenon. The word "mafia" made its first official appearance in 1865 in a report by the chief prosecutor in Palermo, Filippo Antonio Gualtiero.
Leopoldo Franchetti, an Italian deputy who travelled to Sicily and who wrote one of the first authoritative reports on the mafia in 1876, described the designation of the term mafia: "the term mafia found a class of violent criminals ready and waiting for a name to define them, and, given their special character and importance in Sicilian society, they had the right to a different name from that defining vulgar criminals in other countries".
Some observers have seen "mafia" as a set of positive attributes deeply rooted in popular culture, as a "way of being", as illustrated in the definition by the Sicilian ethnographer, Giuseppe Pitrè, at the end of the 19th century: "Mafia is the consciousness of one's own worth, the exaggerated concept of individual force as the sole arbiter of every conflict, of every clash of interests or ideas." [2]
Many Sicilians did not regard these men as criminals but as role models and protectors, given that the state appeared to offer no protection of the poor and weak. As late as the 1950s, the funeral epitaph of the legendary boss of Villalba, Calogero Vizzini, stated that "his 'mafia' was not criminality, but rather respect for the law of honor, defense of every right, greatness of spirit. It was love." Here, "mafia" means something like pride, honor, even social responsibility; an attitude, not an organization. Likewise, in 1925, the former Italian prime minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando stated in the Italian senate that he was proud of being "mafioso", because that word meant honorable, noble, generous.
According to some mafiosi, the real name of the Mafia is Cosa Nostra, meaning 'our world, tradition, values'. Many have claimed, as did the Mafia turncoat Tommaso Buscetta, that the word mafia was a literary creation. Other Mafia defectors, such as Antonio Calderone and Salvatore Contorno, said the same thing. According to them, the real thing was "cosa nostra". To men of honour belonging to the organisation, there is no need to name it. Mafiosi introduce known members to other known members as belonging to "cosa nostra" (our thing) or "la stessa cosa" (the same thing). Only the outside world needs a name to describe it, hence the capitalized version of the words: Cosa Nostra.
Cosa Nostra was first used, in the beginning of the 1960s, in the United States by Joseph Valachi, a mafioso turned state witness, during the hearings of the McClellan Commission. At the time, it was understood as a proper name, fostered by the FBI and disseminated by the media. The designation gained wide popularity and almost replaced the term Mafia. The FBI even added an article to the term, calling it 'La Cosa Nostra'. This is never used in Italy and is considered nonsensical. Although there may be some reasons to believe the FBI's interpretation is a mistake, it is still widely used
[sửa] Những nghi thức
The orientation ritual in most families happens when a man becomes an assistant, and then, a soldier. As descripted by Tommaso Buscetta to judge Giovanni Falcone, the neophyte is brought together with at least three "men of honor" of the family and the oldest member present warns him that "this House" is meant to protect the weak agains the abuse of the powerful; he then pricks the finger of the initiate and spills his blood onto a sacred image. The image is placed in the hand of the initiate and lit on fire. The neophyte must withstand the pain of the burning, passing the image from hando to hand, until the image has been consumed, while swearing to keep faith with the principles of "Cosa Nostra," solemnly swearing that "may my flesh burn like this saint if I fail to keep my oath."[3]
[sửa] Mafia ở Sicilia
Originating during the mid 19th century, the Mafia served as protection for the large orange and lemon estates surrounding the city of Palermo.[4] From this, the Mafia began to spread its roots among the landowners and politicians of Sicily. Forming strong links with the government (it is more than likely that many politicians were members or collaborators) the Mafia gained significant power.
During the Fascist period in Italy, Cesare Mori, prefect of Palermo, used special powers granted to him to prosecute the Mafia, forcing many Mafiosi to flee abroad or risk being jailed. Many of the Mafiosi who escaped fled to the United States, among them Joseph Bonanno, nicknamed Joe Bananas, who came to dominate the U.S. branch of the Mafia. However, when Mori started to persecute the Mafiosi involved in the Fascist hierarchy, he was removed, and the Fascist authorities proclaimed that the Mafia had been defeated.
The United States used the Italian connection of the American Mafiosi during the invasion of Italy and Sicily in 1943. Lucky Luciano and other members of Mafia, who had been imprisoned during this time in the U.S., provided information for US military intelligence, who used Luciano's influence to ease the way for advancing American troops.[5]
Some mafia analysts, such as the Catanese author Alfio Caruso, argue that the U.S. Office of Strategic Services deliberately allowed the mafia to recover its social and economic position as the "anti-State" in Sicily and that the U.S.-mafia alliance forged in 1943 was the true turning point of mafia history and the foundation of its subsequent 60-year career. Others, such as the Palermitan historian Francesco Renda, have argued that there was no such alliance. Rather, the mafia exploited the chaos of post-fascist Sicily to reconquer its social base. The OSS indeed, in its 1944 "Report on the Problem of Mafia" by the agent W. E. Scotten, pointed to the signs of mafia resurgence and warned of its perils for social order and economic progress.
An alleged additional benefit (from the American perspective) was that many of the Sicilian-Italian Mafiosi were hardline anti-communists. They were therefore seen as valuable allies by the anti-communist Americans, who allegedly used them to root out socialist and communist elements in the American shipping industry, the wartime resistance movements, and in many postwar local and regional governments in areas where the Mafia held sway.[citation needed]
According to drug trade expert Dr Alfred W. McCoy, Luciano was permitted to run his crime network from his jail cell in exchange for his assistance. After the war Luciano was rewarded by being deported to Italy, where he was able to continue his criminal career unhindered. He went to Sicily in 1946 to continue his activities and according to McCoy's landmark 1972 book The Politics of Heroin in South-East Asia, Luciano went on to forge a crucial alliance with the Corsican Mafia, leading to the development of a vast international heroin trafficking network, initially supplied from Turkey and based in Marseille — the so-called "French Connection".
Later, when Turkey began to eliminate its opium production, he used his connections with the Corsicans to open a dialogue with expatriate Corsican mafiosi in South Vietnam. In collaboration with leading American mob bosses including Santo Trafficante Jr., Luciano and his successors, took advantage of the chaotic conditions of the Vietnam War to establish an unassailable supply and distribution base in the "Golden Triangle", which was soon funnelling huge amounts of Asian heroin into the United States, Australia and other countries via the U.S. military.
After Fascism, the Mafia did not become powerful in Italy again until after the country's surrender in the Second World War, and the U.S. occupation. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, a series of internecine "gang wars" led to many prominent Mafia members being murdered, and a new generation of mafiosi has placed more emphasis on "white-collar" criminal activity as opposed to more traditional racketeering enterprises. In reaction to these developments, the Italian press has come up with the phrase Cosa Nuova ("the new thing", a play on Cosa Nostra) to refer to the revamped organization.
Salvatore RiinaThe main split in the Sicilian Mafia at present is between those bosses who have been convicted and are now in jail, chiefly Salvatore 'Totò' Riina and Leoluca Bagarella, and those such as the recently caught capo di tutti capi Bernardo Provenzano, who are on the run, or who have not been indicted. The incarcerated bosses are currently subjected to harsh controls on their contact with the outside world, limiting their ability to run their operations from behind bars under the Italian law 41 bis. Antonio Giuffré, a close confidant of Provenzano, turned Pentito shortly after his capture in 2002. He now alleges that in 1993, Cosa Nostra had direct contact with representatives of Silvio Berlusconi while he was planning the birth of Forza Italia. The deal that he says was alleged to have been made was a repeal of 41 bis, among other anti-Mafia laws in return for electoral deliverances in Sicily. However, Giuffré's declarations have not been confirmed by any proof and have been belied by facts. The Forza Italia government extended the enforcement of 41 bis, which was to expire on 2002 but has been prolonged for another four years and extended to other crimes such as terrorism.
[sửa] Những ông trùm và thành viên nổi tiếng của Mafia tại Sicilia
Calogero Vizzini, boss of Villalba, was considered to be one of the most influential Mafia bosses of Sicily after World War II until his death in 1954. Giuseppe Genco Russo, boss of Mussomeli, considered to be the heir of Calogero Vizzini. *Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco boss of the Mafia Family in Ciaculli, he was the first "secretary" of the first Sicilian Mafia Commission that was formed somewhere in 1958. Tommaso Buscetta, the first Sicilian Mafioso to become an informant during the 1980s. (A predecessor, Leonardo Vitale, who gave himself up to the police in 1973, was judged as suffering from 'mental semi-infirmity', and his evidence led to the conviction of himself and his uncle only.) Generally known as the 'Supergrass', Buscetta's evidence was used to great effect during the Maxi-Trials. Salvatore Riina, also known as Totò Riina is one of the most infamous members of the Sicilian Mafia. He was nicknamed The Beast, or sometimes The Short One ('U curtu in Sicilian) and ruled the Mafia with an iron hand from the 1980s until his arrest in 1993. Bernardo Provenzano, successor of Riina at the head of the Corleonesi and a such considered one of the most powerful bosses of the Sicilian Mafia. Provenzano was a fugitive from justice since 1963. He was captured on 11 April 2006 in Sicily.[6] Before capture, authorities have reportedly been 'close' to capturing him for 10 years. Giovanni 'lo scannacristiani' Brusca, who was involved in the murder of Giovanni Falcone. Matteo Messina Denaro, considered to be one of the successors of Provenzano. Salvatore Lo Piccolo, considered to be one of the successors of Provenzano.
[sửa] Những tổ chức tội phạm khác ở Ý
The Sicilian Mafia is organized into cosche (clans) in Sicily; in other regions there exist other similar organisations: 'Ndrangheta in Calabria, Sacra corona unita in Apulia, Camorra in Naples, the Stidda in southern Sicily, and the Mala del Brenta in the Veneto (an organisation whose members come from Northern Italy, once led by infamous Venetian, Felice "Angel Face" Maniero). Although the different crime empires do business with each other, these are separate and distinct organisations from the Sicilian Mafia. A 2003 Eurispes report on Italian organised crime indicates the possibility that the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta may have superseded the Sicilian Mafia in power and profit.
[sửa] Mafia ở Hoa Kỳ
Mafia groups in the United States first became influential in the New York City area, gradually progressing from small neighborhood operations to citywide and eventually international organizations. The Mafia had eventually expanded to twenty-six crime families nationwide in the major cities of the United States, with the center of organized crime based in New York. After many turf wars, the Five Families ended up dominating New York, named after prominent early members: the Bonanno family, the Colombo family, the Gambino family, the Genovese family, and the Lucchese family. These families held underground conferences with other mafia notables like Al Capone of the Chicago Outfit and Joe Porrello of Cleveland.
Carmine Galante after his gangland executionEach family was ultimately controlled by a Don, who was insulated from actual operations by several layers of authority. According to popular belief, the Don's closest and most trusted advisor was referred to as the consigliere ("counselor" in Italian). In reality, the consigliere was meant to be something of a "hearing officer" who was charged with mediating intra-family disputes. He also takes care of the economic side of the "business". An underboss was possible as well. The "underboss guard" was a position between the consiglieri and underboss, providing tactical information as well as advice to the boss. There were then a number of regimes with a varying number of soldati (lit. "soldiers"), or "made" men, who conducted actual operations. Most recently there have been two new positions in the family leadership, the family messenger and Street Boss. These positions were created by former Genovese leader Vincent Gigante.
Each faction was headed by a caporegime, who reported to the boss. When the boss made a decision, he never issued orders directly to the soldiers who would carry it out, but instead passed instructions down through the chain of command. In this way, the higher levels of the organization were effectively insulated from incrimination if a lower level member should be captured by law enforcement. This structure is depicted in Mario Puzo's famous novel The Godfather.
The initiation ritual emerged from various sources in Sicily in the mid-nineteenth century[7] and has hardly changed to this day. The Chief of Police of Palermo in 1875 reported that the man of honor to be initiated would be led into the presence of a group of bosses and underbosses. One of these men would prick the initiate's arm or hand and tell him to smear the blood onto a sacred image, usually a saint. The oath of loyalty would be taken as the image was burned and scattered, thus symbolising the annihilation of traitors. This was confirmed by the first pentito, Tommaso Buscetta.
A hit, or assassination, of a "made" man had to be preapproved by the leadership of his family, or retaliatory hits would be made, possibly inciting a war. In a state of war, families would go to the mattresses — rent vacant apartments and have a number of soldiers sleeping on mattresses on the floor in shifts, with the others ready at the windows to fire at members of rival families.
The American Mafia eventually became more accommodating of non-Sicilian Italians among the sworn-in membership of "made" men and forged closer associations with gangsters of other nationalities, thus becoming distinct from the original organization in Sicily.
[sửa] Luật pháp và Mafia
[sửa] Hoa Kỳ
In the United States, murders of state officials have been rare. In several Mafia families, killing a state authority is strictly forbidden, and even conspiring to commit such a murder is punishable by death. The mobster Dutch Schultz was reportedly killed by his peers out of fear that he would carry out a plan to kill New York City prosecutor Thomas Dewey.
The Mafia began a steep decline in the late-1970s and early 1980s due in part to laws such as the RICO Act, which made it a crime to belong to an organization that performed illegal acts, and to programs such as the witness protection program, followed by a resurgence in the late 1980's, into the 1990's as the Mafia sought out new avenues of revenue. These factors combined with the modest dissolution of the distinct Italian-American community through death, intermarriage, the lack of continued Italian migration, and cultural assimilation, provide for the appearance of a reduced Mafia presence in the United States.
In the mid-20th century, the Mafia was reputed to have infiltrated many labor unions in the United States, notably the Teamsters, whose president Jimmy Hoffa disappeared and is widely rumored to have been killed by the Mafia. In the 1980s, the United States federal government made a determined effort to remove Mafia influence from labor unions.
Today, the Mafia is still the dominant organized crime group in the United States, but its power and influence continues to decline due to aggressive FBI investigations which has led to mob informants, violation of mob rules, family infighting, and death or imprisonment of its top leaders. Recent setbacks include relentless prosecution of the Five Families and arrests of the Chicago Outfit's hierarchy.
According to Selwyn Raab, author of "Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires", after 9/11 the FBI has redirected most of its attention to finding terrorists, which led to a resurgence of Mafia in the U.S.
[sửa] Italia
In Italy there has been a long history of police, prosecutors and judges being murdered by the Mafia in an attempt to discourage vigorous policing. The Italian government officials who were assassinated because of their attempts in bringing the Mafia to justice are called Excellent Cadavers.
There is some evidence that in Italy law enforcement seems to be finally gaining the upper hand over the Mafia organisations, through stronger laws and the breaking down of the "Luệt Im lặng" or "Omertà". A huge help in fighting the military side of Mafia has been provided by many so-called pentiti (Mafia members who dissociated for a milder judicial treatment), like Tommaso Buscetta.
In recent decades, one of the most famous figures in Italy in the context of Mafia has been Totò Riina, who ordered the murder of the magistrates/ prosecutors Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, in 1992.
Recently, former Italian Prime Minister, Giulio Andreotti (Democrazia Cristiana) stood judicially accused of relationships with Mafia, but the case collapsed because of the expiry of the statute of limitations. Nevertheless the trial court, and the appeal one, stated that his connection with Mafia had been constant and well documented until the early 80s.
[sửa] Cấu trúc của tổ chức
[sửa] Các thuật ngữ truyền thống
Capo di Tutti i Capi (the "Boss of Bosses", Matteo Messina Denaro for the Sicilian Mafia; not applicable to the American Mafia) Capo di Capi Re (a title of respect given to a senior or retired member, equivalent to being a member emeritus) Capo Crimini (a "Super Boss" known as a Don or "Godfather" of a crime family) Capo Bastone (known as the "Underboss" is second in command to the Capo Crimini) Consigliere (an advisor) Caporegime (a captain who commands a "crew" of around ten Sgarriste or "soldiers") Sgarrista or Soldati ("made" members of the Mafia who serve primarily as foot soldiers) Picciotto (a low ranking member who serves as an "enforcer") Giovane D'Onore (an associate member, usually someone not of Italian or Sicilian ancestry) Modern terminology Boss or Don - The head of the family, usually reigning as a dictator. The Boss or Don receives a cut of every operation taken on by every member of his family. He makes decisions on initiation (who gets "made") and assassinations. The Boss or Don is chosen by a vote from the Captains of the family. If there is a tie, the Underboss must vote. The Boss appoints the Consigliere. (Typically, when referring to organized crime not dominated by Italians, the term Boss is used.) Underboss - The Underboss, usually appointed by the Boss, is the second in command of the family. The Underboss is considered the Captain that is in charge of all of the other Captains, who is controlled by the Boss. The Underboss is usually first in line to become Acting Boss if the Boss is imprisoned. Consigliere - Consigliere is an advisor to the family. They are often low profile gangsters that can be trusted. They often keep the family looking as legitimate as possible, and are, themselves, legitimate apart from some minor gambling or loan sharking. Capo (or Captain)- A Captain is in charge of a crew. There are usually four to six crews in each family, possibly even seven to nine crews. Each one consisting of up to ten Soldiers. Captains run their own small family, but must follow the limitations and guidelines created by the Boss, as well as pay him his cut of their profits. Captains are nominated by the Underboss, but typically chosen by the Boss himself. Soldier - Soldiers are made members of the family, and can only be of Italian or Sicilian background. Soldiers start as Associates that have proven themselves. When the books are open, meaning that there is an open spot in the family, a Captain (or several Captains) may recommend a up-and-coming Associate to be a new member. In the case that there is only one slot and multiple recommendations, the Boss will decide. The new member usually becomes part of the Captain's crew that recommended him. Associate - An Associate is not a member of the mob, but more of an errand boy. They're usually a go-between or sometimes deal in drugs to keep the heat off the actual members. Non-Italians will never go any further than this, with a few exceptions, (e.g il wringe).
[sửa] Hệ thống Mafia tại Sicilia
Sicilian Mafia structure Capofamiglia - (Don) Consigliere - (Counselor) Sotto Capo - (Underboss) Capodecina - (Group Boss) Uomini D'onore - ("Men of Honour") [edit]
[sửa] Ngày nay
Boss or Don - The head of the family, usually reigning as a dictator. The Boss or Don receives a cut of every operation taken on by every member of his family. He makes decisions on initiation (who gets "made") and assassinations. The Boss or Don is chosen by a vote from the Captains of the family. If there is a tie, the Underboss must vote. The Boss appoints the Consigliere. (Typically, when referring to organized crime not dominated by Italians, the term Boss is used.) Underboss - The Underboss, usually appointed by the Boss, is the second in command of the family. The Underboss is considered the Captain that is in charge of all of the other Captains, who is controlled by the Boss. The Underboss is usually first in line to become Acting Boss if the Boss is imprisoned. Consigliere - Consigliere is an advisor to the family. They are often low profile gangsters that can be trusted. They often keep the family looking as legitimate as possible, and are, themselves, legitimate apart from some minor gambling or loan sharking. Capo (or Captain)- A Captain is in charge of a crew. There are usually four to six crews in each family, possibly even seven to nine crews. Each one consisting of up to ten Soldiers. Captains run their own small family, but must follow the limitations and guidelines created by the Boss, as well as pay him his cut of their profits. Captains are nominated by the Underboss, but typically chosen by the Boss himself. Soldier - Soldiers are made members of the family, and can only be of Italian or Sicilian background. Soldiers start as Associates that have proven themselves. When the books are open, meaning that there is an open spot in the family, a Captain (or several Captains) may recommend a up-and-coming Associate to be a new member. In the case that there is only one slot and multiple recommendations, the Boss will decide. The new member usually becomes part of the Captain's crew that recommended him. Associate - An Associate is not a member of the mob, but more of an errand boy. They're usually a go-between or sometimes deal in drugs to keep the heat off the actual members. Non-Italians will never go any further than this, with a few exceptions, (e.g il wringe).
[sửa] Sự miêu tả của truyền thông đại chúng về Mafia
See also: List of Mafia movies
Marlon Brando as Don Corleone in The Godfather, from Paramount Pictures via the Canadian PressThe Godfather, a novel by Mario Puzo; later made into a film and two sequels by Francis Ford Coppola. The trilogy of films, starring Marlon Brando as Don Vito Corleone, is probably the most influential depiction of the Mafia in American popular culture. The Corleone family portrayed in the story is an amalgamation of several real life Mafia families. La Piovra, Italian TV series by Luigi Perelli after stories by Sandro Petraglia is the most vast and dramatic Italian series on the Mafia spawning over 10 series and 60 hours. Goodfellas, a film directed by Martin Scorsese based on the life of Henry Hill. Bugsy, a film about Bugsy Siegel starring Warren Beatty. Prizzi's Honor, a Mafia film starring Jack Nicholson, Kathleen Turner, and William Hickey Donnie Brasco, a film about the first FBI agent to infiltrate the Mafia. The Untouchables, film portrayal of Eliot Ness and the Untouchables, a group of law enforcers organized to fight Al Capone's organization. Carlito’s Way, 1993. Starring Al Pacino, Sean Penn and Penelope Ann Miller. A Brian De Palma film. A film about Carlito Brigante (Pacino), a gangster who is saved from a possible heavy sentence by his lawyer Dave (Penn) to try and repent and leave criminal life, but unfortunately he is too immersed in it to easily get out. (Note: Brigante is actually a Puerto Rican gangster with connections to the Mafia, rather than a true member). Casino, film portrayal of Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, general manager of a Las Vegas casino starring Robert De Niro and directed by Scorsese. "Lefty" was renamed as Sam "Ace" Rothstein in the film. Gotti, an HBO feature on the recently deceased former Gambino family chieftain. The Sopranos, an HBO series featuring a Mafioso and his two families--his wife and kids and his crime family--starring James Gandolfini. A Bronx Tale, based on the memoirs of actor Chazz Palminteri, is the story about a mob boss (Palminteri) in the Bronx who befriends the son of a working class Italian father (Robert De Niro). Raging Bull, true story about boxing great Jake LaMotta amidst an atmosphere of Mob influence, also starring Robert De Niro and directed by Martin Scorsese. Once Upon a Time in America, a film about the Jewish Mafia in America, from Italian director Sergio Leone. Analyze This, comedy starring Robert De Niro, and its sequel Analyze That also with Robert De Niro. Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, director Jim Jarmusch's late 90's film about a black hitman (played by Forest Whitaker) who is betrayed by his Italian Mafia employers. A History of Violence is about an owner of a diner in Indiana who encounters Mafia members who say he is an old "friend." The Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories video games all feature the Mafia to varying degrees in their storylines. The television series The Simpsons incorporates the fictional Springfield's extension of the Mafia into occasional episodes; its ringleader, Fat Tony, is voiced by Joe Mantegna. The Departed (2006) is a remake of the Chinese Mafia thriller Infernal Affairs (2002) and directed by Martin Scorsese. Townies (2006) about the Charlestown mob in Massachusetts. The Godfather: The Game was released to all home consoles (and the PC) in 2006. A hand-held version for the PSP is going to be released this year. Mobsters (1991) The story of a group of friends in turn of the century New York, from their early days as street hoods to their rise in the world of organized crime. As their crime empire expands, they have to deal with many problems, including their own differing opinions on how to run their business, the local Godfather, and the psychotic Mad Dog Coll. The New Orleans Mafia was linked to the Kennedy assassination in Oliver Stone's film JFK.[8] Mafia is a video game based on two Mafia families feuding with one-another. Noir, an anime series featured the Mafia in episodes 8-9. Two Batman graphic novels by Jeph Loeb and Tim Sale, The Long Halloween and Dark Victory, showcase the slow changeover of power in the criminal underworld of Gotham City, with the traditional Mafia families becoming overshadowed by Batman's Rogues Gallery. Another DC comics character, Helena Bertinelli, a.k.a The Huntress, is the daughter of Mafia family, who became a costumed crimefighter after her family was killed in a hit by a rival gang. She would later infiltrate the Gotham Mafia as a Capo, and provide Batman with an "Atlas of organised crime", prompting him to compliment her for the first time ever.
[sửa] Sách
- Mafioso. Lịch sử Mafia từ nguồn gốc của nó đến ngày nay (1976) Gaia Servadio, Secker & Warburg ISBN 436447002
- ' Mafia Sicili: Sự che chở bí mật (1993), Diego Gambetta, ĐH Harvard , ISBN 0674807421
- Cosa Nostra. Một nhân vật ịch sử của Mafia (2004) John Dickie, Coronet, ISBN 0340824352
- tổ chức tội phạm: An Inside Guide to the World's Most Successful Industry (2004) Paul Lunde, ISBN 0789496488
- Cigar City Mafia : A Complete History of the Tampa Underworld (2004), Scott M. Deitche, Barricade Books ISBN 1569802661
- Excellent Cadavers (1995) Alexander Stille, Vintage ISBN 0-679-76863-7
[sửa] Tham khảo
- Bố Già (The Godfather) của Mario Puzo
- Luật Im lặng
