Yugra
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Yugra (Russian: Югра) was the name of the lands between the Pechora River and Northern Urals in the Russian annals of the 12th–17th centuries, as well as the name of the Khanty and partly Mansi tribes inhabiting these territories. The general territory of Yugra is today known as Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The name survives as part of the term Finno-Ugric languages.
The earliest trade contacts with Volga Bulgaria were established in 10th century and the area was under the Bolghar's influence. Yugra had been a part of the Novgorod Republic from the late 12th century until the 1570s. The Yugra population was paying tribute to Novgorod with fur and walrus tusks. In the late 14th century, Muscovy began its struggle for the Yugra lands, which would be gradually annexed by the second half of the 15th century during the course of several military campaigns (1465, 1483, and especially 1499-1500). Most of the Khanty and Mansi principalities were eliminated in the late 16th century. The rest of them existed until the 1640s.
Yugra is also considered to be the place of origin of the Hungarians (the Hungarian Urheimat). It is thought that name Yugra is a variety of the name Hungary (The Hungarians also were known in several languages under the name of Ugri, and are still known under this name in Ukrainian). The Hungarian language is also the closest linguistic relative of Khanty and Mansi. It is considered that Hungarians moved from Yugra to the west, first settling on the western side of the Urals, in the region known as Magna Hungaria. Then they moved further to the west, to the region of Levedia (present-day east Ukraine), region of Etelköz (present-day west Ukraine), finally reaching the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century.
