Voiceless postalveolar affricate

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IPA – number	103 (134)
IPA – text	tʃ
IPA – image
Entity	ʧ
X-SAMPA	tS
Kirshenbaum	tS
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar plosive (k, as in English, and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental plosive by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.

Contents 1 Transcription 2 Features 3 In English 4 In Portuguese 5 In other languages 6 See also

[edit] Transcription

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses two symbols together to represent this sound: tʃ. They may be joined with a tiebar (t͡ʃ), and the t may sometimes be given the "retracted" diacritic (t̠ʃ). Formerly a ligature (ʧ) was used. Other phonetic transcriptions used include:

• c
• č
• ch
• tc (older Americanist transcription)
• tš
• cs
• cz

[edit] Features

Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the front of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
• Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

[edit] In English

An aspirated and slightly labialized voiceless palato-alveolar affricate occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the digraph ch in chip, tch in witch, or t in nature.

[edit] In Portuguese

In Brazilian Portuguese, /t/ has the allophone [ʧ] before /i/ (spelled as i or unstressed e). A similar change converts /d/ into [ʤ] in the same environment.

[edit] In other languages

Various types of postalveolar affricates are present with the following spellings in these languages. (Not all palato-alveolar.)

• tx in Basque and Catalan
• cs in Hungarian (see Hungarian cs)
• ch in Spanish and Quiché
• zh (unaspirated) and ch (aspirated) in Mandarin Pinyin (retroflex)
• cz in Polish (retroflex)
• ç in Turkish and Albanian
• ċ in Maltese
• č in Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian, Lithuanian, Latvian, and in Karelian, Northern Sami, Skolt Sami, and Inari Sami.
• c followed by i or e in Italian and Romanian, as well as the church pronunciation of Latin
• ч in Bulgarian, Belarusian, Macedonian, Serbian, Russian and Ukrainian
• 'צ in Hebrew
• چ in Persian and Urdu
• च (unaspirated) and छ (aspirated) in Sanskrit, Hindi, and other languages written in Devanagari
• চ (unaspirated) and ছ (aspirated) in Bengali
• ㅈ (unaspirated) and ㅊ (aspirated) in Korean
• ቸ in Amharic
• tch in loans in French
• tsch in German
• k(j), tj and sometimes also hj in Faroese
• č or tš in loans Estonian
• t when flanked by e or i in Irish and Scots Gaelic
• tš in foreign transcriptions in Finnish (unknown in Finnish itself)
• ts in Tagalog, and, if in the weak grade, in the Kalevala transcription of Karelian Finnish, e.g. metsä [met.ːsæ] – metsän [me.ʧæn]. [1]

In Arabic, there's no letter for the voiceless postalveolar affricate. However, it's usually written as تش (pronounced tsh), or just ش (pronounced sh). Occasionally, the extra letter چ, which is borrowed from Persian, is used instead.

Also, some constructed languages and alphabets include unusual orthographies, such as ĉ in Esperanto or something resembling ч in Klingon.

The following are often mistakenly thought to be this sound: Dutch tj; Mandarin j, q (in Pinyin); Russian ч; Japanese ち, and Thai จ, ฉ, ช, and ฌ. These are actually alveolo-palatal or, in the case of Dutch tj, prepalatal, in Russian it's palatalized. In Swedish, pronunciation of tj varies, but this affricate is interchangeable and does not contrast with tj, and is actually the standard pronunciation in some varieties of Finland-Swedish.

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bilabial Lab'den. Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglottal Glottal Non-pulmonics and other symbols Nasals m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Plosives p b • • t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Implo­­sives ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Ejec­­tives pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Approximants β̞ ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Other laterals ɺ ɫ Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Co-articulated approximants ʍ w ɥ Flaps & Taps ѵ̟ ѵ ɾ ɽ • Co-articulated fricatives ɕ ʑ ɧ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Affricates ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.