Varlam Shalamov
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| Born: | July 1, 1907 Vologda, Russian Empire |
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| Died: | January 17, 1982 Tushino, USSR |
| Occupation(s): | writer, journalist, poet, political prisoner |
Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov (Russian: Варлам Тихонович Шаламов; July 1, 1907–January 17, 1982) was a Russian writer, journalist, poet, political prisoner and Gulag survivor.
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[edit] Early life and first arrest
Varlam Shalamov was born in Vologda, Russia to a family of an orthodox religious minister and a teacher. In 1914, he entered the academic gymnasium of St. Alexander's and graduated in 1923. In 1926, after having worked for 2 years, he was accepted at Moscow State University, department of Soviet Law. While studying there, he joined a Trotskyist-leaning group and on February 19, 1929 was arrested and sentenced to three years of hard labor in the town of Vishera, in North Urals, convicted of distributing the Letters to the Party Congress known as Lenin's Testament, which, in part, criticized Stalin, and of participating in a demonstration marking the tenth anniversary of the Soviet revolution with the slogan, "Down with Stalin." He was released in 1931 and worked in the town of Berezniki in construction until his return to Moscow in 1932.
Back in Moscow Shalamov worked as a journalist, and saw some of his essays and articles, including his first short story (in 1936) "The three deaths of Doctor Austino."
[edit] Second arrest
At the outset of the Great Purge, on January 12, 1937, Shalamov was arrested again for "counter-revolutionary Trotskyist activities" and sent to Kolyma, also known as "the land of white death", for five years. He was already in jail awaiting sentencing when one of his short stories was published in the literary journal "Literary Contemporary." In 1943 he was handed another term, this time for 10 years, for anti-Soviet agitation: the crime was calling Ivan Bunin a "classic Russian writer."
The conditions he endured were extreme, first in gold mining operations, and then in coal mining, during which time he also contracted typhus. He was repeatedly sent to punishment zones, both for his political "crimes" and for his attempt to escape.
In 1946, while a dohodyaga (emaciated and devitalized), his life was saved by a doctor-inmate A.I. Pantyukhov, who risked his own life to get Shalamov a place as a camp hospital attendant. The new "career" allowed Shalamov to survive and to write poetry.
[edit] After release
In 1951 Shalamov was released from the camp, and continued working as a medical assistant for the forced labor camps while still writing. In 1952 he sent his poetry to Boris Pasternak, who praised Shalamov's work. After his release from the camps, he was faced with the dissolution of his former family, including a grown daughter who now refused to recognize her father.
Shalamov was allowed to leave Magadan in November 1953 following the death of Stalin in March of that year, and was permitted to go to the village of Turkmen in Kalinin Oblast, near Moscow, where he worked as a supply agent.
[edit] The Kolyma Tales
Beginning in 1954, and continuing until 1973, he worked on his book of short stories of labor camp life, The Kolyma Tales.
After the death of Stalin the enormous numbers of zeks (from the Russian abbreviation z/k for zakliuchonnyi, an inmate) were being released and rehabilitated, many posthumously. Shalamov was allowed to return to Moscow after having been officially rehabilitated in 1956. In 1957, Shalamov became a correspondent for the literary journal "Moskva," and his poetry began being published. His health, however, had been broken by his years in the camps, and he received an invalid's pension.
Shalamov proceeded publishing poetry and essays in the major Soviet literary magazines, while writing his magnum opus, The Kolyma Tales. He was acquainted with Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Boris Pasternak and Nadezhda Mandelstam. The manuscripts were smuggled abroad and distributed via samizdat. The translations have been published in the West in 1966. The complete Russian-language edition was published in London in 1978, and reprinted thereafter both in Russian and in translation. The Kolyma Tales is considered to be one of the great Russian collections of short stories of the twentieth century.[citation needed]
[edit] Retraction controversy and death
The Western publishers always disclaimed that Shalamov's stories were being published without the author's knowledge or consent. Surprisingly, in 1972 Shalamov retracted the Tales, most likely being forced to do so by the Soviet regime. As his health deteriorated, he spent the last three years of his life in a house for elderly and disabled literary workers in Tushino. Shalamov died of poor health on January 17, 1982 and was interred at Kuntsevo Cemetery, Moscow.
The book was finally published on Russian soil in 1987, as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost policy, when the collapse of the Soviet Union was imminent.
[edit] See also
[edit] Publications
- ISBN 0-14-018695-6 Kolyma Tales
- ISBN 0-393-01476-2 Graphite
- ISBN 5-17-004492-5 Vospominaniia (memoirs)
[edit] External links
- (Russian) Shalamov at Lib.ru
- (Russian) Shalamov. Poem
- (Russian) A biography
