Tracheoesophageal fistula
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A tracheoesophageal fistula is a connection (fistula) between the esophagus and the trachea. It is commonly seen with esophageal atresia. Congenitally it occurs because the tracheoesphageal ridges fail to fuse. Additionally, fistulas are made artificially in patients who have undergone a laryngectomy, as this can serve as way for generating sound in replacement of the removed voice box.
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Tracheoesophageal fistula is suggested in a newborn by copious salivation associated with choking, coughing, and cyanosis on attempts at food intake. It presents in three distinct variants:
The most common variant-the lower portion of the esophagus communicates with the trachea near the tracheal bifurcation. The upper portion ends blindly. Frequently associated with maternal polyhydramnios.
Second Most common variant has fistulous connection between the upper esophagus and the trachea. The lower esophagus is not connected to the upper part.
The third variant has a fistulous connection between the trachea and a completely patent esophagus.
