Thomas Lee (army captain)
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Thomas Lee (1552/3-1601) was an army captain, who served under Queen Elizabeth I and spent most of his career in Ireland during the Tudor conquest of that country. Although of middle rank, he was highly active during the Nine Years war (1595-1603), and was put to death for his involvement in the treason of the 2nd Earl of Essex.
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[edit] Early life and career
Lee was the son of Benedict Lee and Margaret Packington, his likely place of birth being in Buckinghamshire. He was a cousin of the courtier, Sir Henry Lee of Ditchley, and eventually became attached to Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex. He probably arrived in Ireland in 1574 to take part in the colonisation scheme of Essex in eastern Ulster, and in 1576 was serving as constable of Carrickfergus.
In 1580 Lee was charged with highway robbery in Oxfordshire, but upon his release on bail he returned to Ireland. By his marriage to the Irish widow, Elizabeth Eustace (née Peppard), a catholic, he came into considerable property, including Castlemartin in county Kildare. He later bought Castle Reban, seeking its fee farm in April 1583, and much other property.
[edit] Rebellion in the Pale
In 1581, Lee and his wife were cited in a petition to Lord Deputy Grey for wrongs done to Robert Pipho, who again complained against him in the following year for cattle theft. However, Grey was relying on the soldier to help suppress the Eustace rebellion in the Pale. Lee managed to capture the rebel brother of Viscount Baltinglas, Thomas Eustace, and incurred the displeasure of the Earl of Ormond, who objected to his invasions of Tipperary, describing him as, "this railing fellow". The following year in Waterford he had to clear himself of "clamorous complaints".
In February 1583, after the suppression of the rebellion, Lee's company of 24 horsemen was disbanded. He was commended by the archbishop of Dublin, Adam Loftus, and Geoffrey Fenton, the latter commenting that he was "not without his portion of that common and secret envy which biteth most of us that serve here". At the same time Grey wrote to the queen's secretary, Walsingham, that Lee should have 200 Irish soldiers to conduct into Flanders, noting that "Lee is settled to reform his mis-spent life by hazard in service".
Lee had taken into his custody various properties of Baltinglas, for which he made petition, and settled in Kildare, where he proposed to defend the country with 25 horsemen and 50 foot. This proposal was favoured by Loftus, who noted that Lee, "hath so weeded out those parts of that lewd sort of people as the inhabitants of their own report find great quiet and better security of their lives, goods and cattle than of many years they have had". The privy council wrote to Lee in July 1583 granting the horse and men.
[edit] Service under Perrot
In 1584-5 Lee complained of his loss of horse under Bagenal and Stanley in the north on campaign against Sorley Boy MacDonnell. He then visited England, and was employed in the autumn of 1585 by the new lord deputy, John Perrot, against the rebel Cahir Oge Kavanagh in Kilkenny. There he ran into the sheriff who "grew to words and so to blows" with him; Lee was outnumbered 300 to 60 but still captured the sheriff and killed several of his men. This event cemented the enmity of the Earl of Ormond, but Lee was able to rely upon the backing of Walsingham and Perrot, who allowed that he had acted according to duty.
Lee plotted to take the leader of the rebellious bastard Leinster Geraldines, Walter Reagh, but the plot was betrayed by Lee's wife, who had been an interpreter in negotiations with the rebels. Lee separated from his wife in October 1587, but it seems he maintained some relations with her. By this time he had fallen out with Perrot - in part because of non-payment for his services - and was imprisoned for eight weeks in Dublin Castle and deprived of his company. Lee sent his wife to court to plead his case, and in 1588 she was still there requesting that a band of 50 men taken from another captain be assigned to her husband.
In 1591 Lee suffered "a great casual fire by the means of lewd servants" at Castlemartin, which cost him £1,000 and left him and his wife with nothing but their clothes and some horses. He laid the blame for this incident on Nicholas White, a senior judge and adherent of Ormond's.
[edit] Ulster
In 1593 Lee took part in the expedition against Hugh Maguire under the new lord deputy, William Fitzwilliam. Following the battle of Belleek he was commended for bravery by the Earl of Tyrone and Bagenal, having been the first to enter the ford on the river Erne.
Lee became intimate with Tyrone, and was useful to the government during negotiations with the earl in March 1594, prior to the outbreak of the Nine Years war. On one occasion, the earl requested the company of "Tom Lee": along with another intermediary, Lee accompanied the earl and, on his return, reported that some of the earl's party had pointed weapons at their breasts and beaten them with their staves, whereupon the earl had advised them to leave him.
Lee went to England as intermediary, and about this time he wrote his Brief Declaration, which was presented to the queen in November and duly ignored. He also had his portrait done by Marcus Gheeraedts. He cast himself in the model of the Roman hero Scaevola, who had entered the Etruscan camp to assassinate the king and, upon his discovery and trial, had thrust his right hand in the flame, whereupon a treaty had been concluded. The parallel was with Lee's relations with Tyrone, and his argument seems to have been that the rebels were in arms because the crown had waged its campaign beyond Fermanagh and Monaghan into the heart of Tyrone's territory in Ulster. However, Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam - at whose door Lee had laid the principle blame for the war - described him to Lord Burghley as "indigent and desperate", and recommended he be barred from the queen's presence.
Lee returned to Ireland in September 1595 and killed the Geraldine leader, Kedagh MacPhelim Reagh. Harrington deemed it a cruel murder, and Lee was again imprisoned in the castle. In March 1596 Lee served under Lord Deputy Russell and took Cloghan castle. The garrison refused to yield to him or evacuate the women, so he breached the walls and set fire to the thatched roof: 46 died in the flames or were executed by being thrown over the walls.
In April 1596 Lee wrote to the queen's principal secretary, Lord Burghley, again urging a conciliatory policy on Tyrone - now a proclaimed rebel - who would go to England on a safe conduct from the queen. Lee complained that the rebellion could have been avoided had his original advice been taken. At this stage he was being sued for arrears of Crown rents. By the summer he had grown sceptical of Tyrone, who was "too far gone with pride of his own strength and confidence of foreign assistance, that he is past all hope of being reclaimed otherwise than by force".
[edit] Pursuit of O'Byrne
Lee began to protest that he would die the poorest man in her majesty's service: he claimed that the clan leader and ally of Tyrone, Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne, was hindering his proceedings with Tyrone, and that Ormond's family, the Butlers, had seized 500 cows from his land and burnt to the ground six of his newly built towns.
In December 1596 Lord Deputy Russell reported that Lee had sent in 17 heads, a service which was highly paid. In the following April Lee complained to the queen's secretary, Robert Cecil, of slanderous reports against himself and sought authority to take, banish or kill O'Byrne, and to take leave of the miserable service in Ireland. But Russell had further use for him.
Lee was promoted to provost-marshal of Connacht; the following month he commanded the party which killed the ailing O'Byrne and was commended by Loftus. In a meeting with the rebels, he later denied on the book that he had been privy to the killing and denounced it as he had gained nothing by it; his soldiers then joined with the rebels in raiding 26 towns in O'Byrne's country. By November Lee was covertly seeking Tyrone's forgiveness for the killing, but he did receive O'Byrne lands and was granted a commission for martial law throughout south Leinster.
Lee preferred articles of treason against the sheriff of Kilkenny for secretly maintaining Rice O'Toole. She was imprisoned in the castle, and Lee had her execution stayed in return for her promise to assist in the apprehension and killing of O'Byrne's sons, two of whom were married to her own sisters. Lee was accused of pulling out the eyes of Art O'Toole while the latter was under protection, and of driving the victim's brother, Rowny, into rebellion while under the same protection.
[edit] War
When Tyrone defeated Bagenal at the battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598, Lee was confined to prison at Dublin for 20 weeks on charges of treason brought against him by Ormond and the sheriff of Kilkenny following his efforts to have the rebel leader installed as president of Ulster. Rice O'Toole's sisters offered evidence against Lee in return for protection. The attorney general thought a jury conviction touch and go, observing that "he hath good merits and evil infirmities". Evidence was heard, Lee showed his letters of commission - empowering him to parley with rebels - and said that his letter from Tyrone was made privy to the lords justice. Having apologised on his knees before the council, he was liberated and went on to revictual Maryborough fort.
In October 1598 Lee took a company of 100 foot with Ormond into Munster to suppress the rebellion in that province. A month later he was in prison having asserted that Ormond was stirring rebellion and had secret agreements with Tyrone and the Earl of Kildare. He claimed to have dissuaded Kildare from rebellion and to have been behind a scheme to overthrow Ormond, whereby the earl's daughter was to marry Kildare with a dowry of £2,000-3,000.
[edit] Essex
In April 1599 Lee's patron, the Earl of Kildare, died in a shipwreck while travelling to join Essex in Ireland at the start of the latter's costly and unsuccessful campaign against the Earl of Tyrone.
Upon his release, Lee went secretly to Tyrone in the summer of 1599 for a few days. It was put about that a plot to kill Ormond had been drawn up during that visit, but Essex forgave him his unauthorised communications. In August he again visited the rebel earl with the cognisance of Sir Christopher Blount; finding Tyrone "quite changed from his former disposition and possessed with insolency and arrogancy", Lee cursed him and left.
Lee went to England after September 1599, when he wrote his Discovery while under house arrest with Essex, and sought to speak with his cousin, Henry Lee, because the latter was in bonds on his behalf. Essex said that he had given him leave to go to his cousin, but had commanded him not to resort to London or the court. However Lee did go to court, where he was slandered by the archbishop of Cashel, Miler Magrath, with the "most indecent and contumelious words" and accused of treason; Lee wrote to Cecil seeking an opportunity to meet the charges.
In April 1600 Lee petitioned for a return to Ireland. At about this time he submitted his Discovery, in which he proposed the recovery of the province of Leinster, seeking the seneschalship of O'Byrne's country and the lieutenancy of Leix as well as the distribution amongst his followers of the rebels' lands. He later proposed to ally with chiefs in Connacht, notably McWilliam who had undertaken to seize Hugh Roe O'Donnell in return for the Earldom and lieutenancy of Mayo plus £1000 with Lee to act as chief commander of Connacht. The queen agreed to all, except the appointment of Lee, and stipulated that the payment would be made after the fact. By December he had fallen ill and there was a delay in the response to his proposals.
On the 12th of February 1601, four days after Essex was apprehended on charges of treason, Lee conspired with Sir Henry Nevill and Sir Robert Crosse (with 4 other gentlemen) to surprise the queen in her privy chamber at supper time. They planned to lock her in and pin her up until she signed a warrant for the delivery of Essex. His conspirators informed the authorities of their plan, and Lee was apprehended as he watched the door of the chamber in preparation for an attempt on the following evening.
Lee was tried the next day. He denied the construction put upon his words by the attorney-general and spoke boldly in defence of Essex, who had written in commendation of him to Lord Mountjoy. He admitted that "it was ever my fault to be loose and lavish of my tongue". Then he said that "he had lived in misery and cared not to live, his enemies were so many and so great". Upon conviction and sentencing, he pleaded for his son's inheritance. He was put to death at Tyburn the same day, dying "very christianly". Essex was put to death 12 days later.
[edit] Legacy
In 1595 Lee was married for the second time, to Kinborough Valentine, an Old English recusant. He had one son who is known of.
[edit] Writings
- A brief declaration of the government of Ireland - c.1594
- The discovery and recovery of Ireland with the author's apology - c.1599
[edit] Portrait
Lee's portrait was done in 1594 - when the sitter was 43 - by the Flemish Marcus Gheeraedts the Younger. It was probably commissioned by his cousin, Henry Lee. The subject is shown in the regalia of a captain of the royal kerne, with bare legs, a spear and a pistol.
[edit] References
- Richard Bagwell, Ireland under the Tudors 3 vols. (London, 1885–1890).
- John O'Donovan (ed.) Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters 7 vols. (1851).
- Steven G. Ellis Tudor Ireland (London, 1985). ISBN 0582493412.
- Hiram Morgan Tyrone's Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years War in Ireland (Woodbridge, 1993).
- Cyril Falls Elizabeth's Irish Wars (1950; reprint London, 1996). ISBN 0094772207.
- Dictionary of National Biography 22 vols. (London, 1921–1922).
- Dictionary of National Biography (London, 2005).
