Thomas Etholen Selfridge
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Thomas Etholen Selfridge (February 8, 1882 – September 17, 1908) was a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army and the first person to die in a crash of a powered airplane.
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[edit] Biography
Selfridge graduated from West Point in 1903. He was 31st in a class of 96; Douglas MacArthur was first. After receiving his commission, he was assigned to the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps at Fort Myer, Virginia. There he was one of three pilots trained to fly the Army Dirigible Number One, purchased in July, 1908 from Thomas Scott Baldwin. He was also the United States government representative to the Aerial Experiment Association, which was chaired by Alexander Graham Bell, and became its first secretary.
Selfridge took his first flight on December 6, 1907 on Alexander Graham Bell's tetrahedral kite, the "Cygnet", a strange structure made up of 3,393 winged cells. It took him 168 feet (51 metres) in the air above Bras d'Or Lake in Nova Scotia, Canada and flew for an amazing seven minutes. This was the first recorded flight carrying a passenger of any heavier-than-air-craft in Canada. He also flew a craft built by a Canadian engineer, Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin, which soared three feet off the ground for about 100 feet.
Selfridge designed Red Wing, the Aerial Experiment Association's first powered aircraft. On a bitterly cold March 12, 1908, the Red Wing, piloted by "Casey" Baldwin, sped over the icy surface of Keuka Lake near Hammondsport, New York on runners, bounded into the air, and actually flew for a distance of 318 feet, 11 inches (97.2 m), before collapsing to the ground, leaving the pilot slightly bruised. This would be the first public demonstration of a powered aircraft flight in the United States. Red Wing was destroyed in a crash on its second flight on March 17, 1908, and only the engine could be salvaged.
In August, 1908, Selfridge, along with Lieutenants Frank P. Lahm and Benjamin D. Foulois, was instructed in flying the dirigible purchased by the Army in July. The dirigible was scheduled to fly exhibitions at the Missouri State fair, in St. Joseph, Missouri, with Foulois and Selfridge as the pilots. However, the Army had also tentatively agreed to purchase an airplane from the Wright Brothers and had scheduled its acceptance trials in September. Selfridge, with an interest in both heavier-than-air and lighter-than-air ships, obtained an appointment and traveled to Fort Myer, Virginia.
When Orville Wright came to Fort Myer to demonstrate the latest Wright Flyer for the Army, Selfridge arranged to fly along while Orville piloted the craft. On September 17, 1908, the Wright Flyer circled Fort Myer 4½ times at 150 feet (46 m). Halfway through the fifth circuit, there was a loud bang and the end of the propeller blade fell off. The Flyer's vibration caused the propeller to hit a guy wire, tearing the wire out of its fastening and disintegrating the propeller, which caused damage to the canvas and wooden machine. To bring the Flyer under control, Wright shut off the engine and managed to glide the Flyer to about 75 feet (23 m). But the Flyer nose-dived to the ground.
Orville later described the accident that killed Selfridge in a letter to his brother, Wilbur:
On the fourth round, everything seemingly working much better and smoother than any former flight, I started on a larger circuit with less abrupt turns. It was on the very first slow turn that the trouble began. ... A hurried glance behind revealed nothing wrong, but I decided to shut off the power and descend as soon as the machine could be faced in a direction where a landing could be made. This decision was hardly reached, in fact I suppose it was not over two or three seconds from the time the first taps were heard, until two big thumps, which gave the machine a terrible shaking, showed that something had broken. ... The machine suddenly turned to the right and I immediately shut off the power. Quick as a flash, the machine turned down in front and started straight for the ground. Our course for 50 feet (15 meters) was within a very few degrees of the perpendicular. Lt. Selfridge up to this time had not uttered a word, though he took a hasty glance behind when the propeller broke and turned once or twice to look into my face, evidently to see what I thought of the situation. But when the machine turned head first for the ground, he exclaimed 'Oh! Oh!' in an almost inaudible voice.
When the craft hit the ground, both Selfridge and Wright were thrown against the remaining wires. Selfridge was thrown against one of the wooden uprights of the framework and his skull was fractured. He underwent neurosurgery in the base hospital but died that evening without regaining consciousness. He was 26. Orville suffered severe injuries, including a broken left thigh, several broken ribs and a damaged hip, and was hospitalized for seven weeks.
Thomas Selfridge was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Section 3, Lot 2158, Grid QR-13/14.
[edit] Legacy
Selfridge Field air base, located outside of Detroit, Michigan, is named for him.
[edit] Coverage in periodicals
- Washington Post; May 13, 1908 "Selfridge Aerodrome Sails Steadily for 319 Feet. At 25 to 30 miles an Hour. First Public Trip of Heavier-than-air Car in America. Profesor Alexander Graham Bell's New Machine, Built After Plans by Lieutenant Selfridge, Shown to Be Practicable by Flight Over Keuka Lake. Portion of Tail Gives Way, Bringing the Test to an End. Views of an Expert. Hammondsport, New York, March 12, 1908. Professor Alexander Graham Bell's new aeroplane, the Red Wing, was given its test flight over Lake Keuka today by F. W. Baldwin, the engineer in charge of its construction. The machine was built by the Aerial Experiment Association for Lieut. Thomas Selfridge, U.S.A."
- Washington Post; September 19, 1908 "Wilbur Wright Weeps. Aviator's Brother Grieved by Fatal Accident. Deplores Officer's Death. First Thought Is Safety of Passengers, He Says, When News of Orville's Mishap at Fort Myer Reaches Him in France. Countermands Orders for Flights, to Regret of Waiting Crowd. Le Mans, France, September 18, 1908. Wilbur Wright, brother of Orville Wright, and who has been conducting a series of experiments here for several weeks wit a Wright aeroplane, was very much perturbed when he heard this morning the news from Washington that his brother had suffered an accident, in which Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge lost his life."
- Washington Post; May 2, 1909 "Plans Monument to Son. E.A. Selfridge to Erect Shaft to Young Aviator in Arlington. E.A. Selfridge, father of the late Lieut. Thomas Selfridge, of the signal corps, the young officer who lost his life September 19 last when the Wright aeroplane collapsed in midair above the Fort Myer parade ground, has been in the city for several days to arrange the details for the monument to be erected to the memory of his son in Arlington National Cemetery."
[edit] See also
- See Kelly Field-has link to Lt. George E.M. Kelly first US Military Pilot to be killed flying a military aircraft May 1, 1911.
[edit] References
- Selfridge Field and the beginnings of air power. Retrieved on May 19, 2005.
- Frederick W. (Casey) Baldwin. Retrieved on May 19, 2005.
- A Most Noble Experiment. Retrieved on May 19, 2005.
- Aviation in Canada 1938. Retrieved on May 19, 2005.
- History of Selfridge. Retrieved on May 19, 2005.
