Sundgau
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sundgau, pronounced Soungo, is a territory situated in the south of the Alsace region (in the eastern part of France). Its capital is Altkirch (5,386 inhabitants in 1999).
| Territory of Sundgau | |
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| Land Area : | 663 km² |
| Population : | 61 841 inhabitants (1999) |
| Capital : | Altkirch |
| Cantons | 4 |
| Communes | 112 |
Sundgau is a hilly region, bounded in the south by the Swiss border and the foothills of the Jura, in the east by the valley of the Rhine, to the north by Mulhouse and the potassium-rich basin of Alsace, and to the west by the Belfort Gap.
The name Sundgau derives from Alemannic German and means South County (Sund: South, Gau: County).
The river Ill is the most significant in Alsace, crossing Sundgau from South to North before flowing into the Rhine. Its source is at Winkel in the foothills of the Jura. Other rivers define the regions' valleys, such as the Largue, which rises near Courtavon, passes through Dannemarie, and meets the Ill at Illfurth.
The presence of loess, a fertile silt, has favoured a non-specialised agriculture, with crop production being largely organised into strips. The main crops are maize, wheat and colza.
In mediaeval times, monks reared carp in the small valley ponds and carpe frite (fried carp) remains a regional speciality.
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[edit] Prehistory
Archaeological digs have revealed vestiges of palaeolithic and neolithic settlement. Traces of Bronze Age cremation pyres have also been found. Excavations at Illfurth have uncovered the fortified city of Britzgyberg, dating from the Iron Age (650 BC to 430 BC).
[edit] History
In the 1st century BC, the Sequani tribe (the most "gaulish of Gauls" according to historian Henri Martin), which was centered around Besançon, settled in Sundgau. From 70 BC, they waged perpetual warfare with their neighbours, the Aedui, calling upon German mercenaires, led by Ariovistus. When the conflict finished, the Germans settled into the region, and the Sequani, to remove them appealed to the Romans. Julius Caesar defeated Ariovistus in 58 BC near Cernay, and a long domination by the Romans commenced. This ended suddenly in 405, when the Alamani crossed the Rhine and occupied Sundgau. They, in turn, were followed by the Francs following their victory at the Battle of Tolbiac in 496. Sundgau was incorporated into the kingdom of Austrasia and Christianity was introduced under the Merovingians.
About 750, the Duchy of Alsace was formed under the Merovingiens and was divided into two counties, Nordgau and Sundgau, the latter being mentioned in the Treaty of Mersen in 870. Historically then, Sundgau coincides with the lands of the counts of Ferrette and Habsburg, excepting the town of Mulhouse and its territories of Illzach and Modenheim. Geographically, Sundgau denotes a more restricted area comprised of the hilly country to the south of Mulhouse and reaching to the valley of Lucelle.
During the 9th century and the 10th century Sundgau was administered by the Lieutfried family. Following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire, the region entered a period of instability, culminating in the emergence of Feudalism.
In 1125, Frederic, son of Thierry 1st Montbéliard, inherited the south of Alsace and became count of Ferrette. So, from 1125 to 1324, Sundgau was administered by the counts of Ferrette. Ulrich III (1310-1324) comquered the valley of Saint-Amarin but died without male issue. His daughter Jeanne married Albert II of Austria and Sundgau became Austrian, administered from Ensisheim by a bailli (bailiff or seneschal) and divided into four bailiwicks (Landser, Thann, Altkirch and Ferrette).
The Reformation did not trouble Sundgau, despite the proximity of Basle and Mulhouse. The country maintained its fidelity to the religion of the Habsburgs, Catholicism.
Commencing in 1632, the Thirty Years' War broke upon Sundgau, with a violence unprecedented in the history of the region. The Swedish, supported by France, invaded the country, pillaging and burning all in their path. In reaction, the inhabitants of the countryside revolted. But the rebellion was subdued, and the Swedes hanged the ringleaders from roadside trees. From 1634, the Swedes ceded their fortresses to the French, and in 1648 the war ended with the treaty of Westphalia. The butcher's bill was disastrous - some parts of Sundgau had lost up to 80% of their population. The country became French, and in 1659, the counthood of Ferrette was granted to cardinal Mazarin (nominally by the then 21-year-old Louis XIV).
The beginning of the 18th century was a period of prosperity with the development of agriculture, et the development of the textile industry. But economic and social conditions disimproved in the second half of the century, with overpowering taxation, and occasional famines.
In 1789, the repercussions of the French Revolution reached Sundgau, and many conflicts arose in the townships, mainly due to the unpopularity of the ruling classes. In 1790, Sundgau was included into the département of Haut-Rhin, and Altkirch became its principal town.
Order was restored during the Consulate and the Empire. Little changed during the 19th century, agriculture remaining the principal economic activity, despite the establishment of industries such as the Gilardoni tileworks in 1835 and the construction of Xavier Jourdains' looms in Altkirch.
As a result of the 1870 war, Sundgau was annexed to Germany. Economic development picked up, and the region opened up to the rest of Alsace, for want of trade with France.
The battles of the First World War commenced in Sundgau in August 1914. The French blew up the viaduct of Dannemarie, and the front stabilised and extended from the Vosges to the Swiss frontier. The population suffered artillery bombardements and, for fear of spying, many were evacuated into those communes untouched by war.
Sundgau reverted to France in 1918, but its reintegration posed several problems; those Alsatians who since 1870 had to speak German, now saw themselves obliged to express themselves in French. By way of derogation, German was taught in schools for three hours a week.
Between the wars, 56% of the population worked in agriculture, 28% in industry and only 7% in services.
In the Second World War after the declaration of war, the communes bordering on the Rhine were evacuated. The German army crossed the river on June 15th 1940. Following the Armistice of June 22nd, Sundgau was once again in German hands. Jews, North Africans and French-speakers were expelled to the free zone between it and Vichy France, while schoolchildren were forced to speak German and absolutely forbidden to express themselves in French. Communes were renamed, and youngsters enrolled in Hitler Youth from 1942. From then also, men born between 1914 and 1925 were forcibly enrolled in the Wehrmacht.
Sundgau was finally liberated by General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny in November 1944. The first commune liberated was Seppois-le-Bas. As after the World War I, language issues arose, for example, from 1945 to 1984 the use of the German in newspapers was restricted to a maximum of 25%.
Post-war, there was a period of reconstruction and economic growth. Sundgau experienced Jean Fourastié's Trente glorieuses (the thirty years of economic growth 1945 to 1973 ended by the first Oil Crisis), and the number of agricultural workers dropped year by year. More than 35% of the population currently work in services.
[edit] Organisation
Sundgau is an arrondissement (the arrondissement of Altkirch) and is divided into 4 cantons: Dannemarie, Altkirch, Hirsingue and Ferrette. These run roughly along a North/South axis (see map) and consist of 112 communes. These communes are in turn grouped into 8 communities and one village (Bernwiller) for economic and tourism promotion purposes.
- The Community of communes of Porte d'Alsace: 33 communes
- The Community of communes of Alsatian Jura: 24 communes
- The Community of communes of Illfurth: 10 communes
- The Community of communes of Valley of the Largue: 9 communes
- The Community of communes of Altkirch: 4 communes
- The Community of communes of Hirsingue: 11 communes
- The Community of communes of Valley of Hundsbach: 12 communes
- The Community of communes of Ill and Gersbach: 9 communes
[edit] Population
The population reached 61,841 inhabitants in 1999 (up from 57,112 in 1990), an increase of 8.3%. Thus it paralleled the demographic growth both of Haut-Rhin (which showed an increase of 5.3% in the same period), and, more broadly, that of Alsace itself, (which showed an increase of 6.8%).
Altkirch is the most populous of Sundgauvien communes, with 5,386 inhabitants (1999). This is followed by Hirsingue (2,057 inhabitants), then Dannemarie (2,011 inhabitants). Notably, 70% of the population is spread out among 103 communes of less than 1,000 inhabitants each. Finally, 19.2% of the inhabitants are aged under 15, while 19.3% are over 60. As in the remainder of France, the proportion of over-60's is growing.
[edit] Economy
Sundgau remains primarily an agricultural region with traditional activities. Important urban centres such as the tri-national conurbation of Basle, the urbanised area of Belfort-Montbéliard-Sochaux, the Mulhouse conurbation, are nearby and are attractive as providers of goods and services. Qualifications are lower and revenues higher as a result of border area employment and its economic and social impact.
Nevertheless, Sundgau remains underequipped, notably for company startups. Although several enterprises have started during the last ten years, it is not suficiently attractive as an employment basin because of the counterattractions of the nearby conurbations.
[edit] Transport
[edit] Road Network
Sundgau is ringed by major roads, such as the A36 motorway between Belfort and Mulhouse, and the A35 toll-road, between Mulhouse and Basle; nevertheless, the elected representatives agree that the road network is outdated. Other important roadways are the D419, crossing the region from East to West between Belfort and Basle and passing through Dannemarie and Altkirch, and the North-South D432, passing through Illfurth, Altkirch, Hirsingue and Ferrette.
Several current projects aim at improving the road network and bypassing villages. These include diversions at Retzwiller and Dannemarie, and the Spechbach-le-Bas and Hochstatt bypasses. Another large project, the extension of the rapid road from Dornach as far as Altkirch, is under discussion.
[edit] Railway Network
The Paris-Bâle line serves the towns of Dannemarie, Altkirch and Illfurth. Regional trains are relatively frequent, and useful for Sundgauviens working in Mulhouse or Belfort. Work on a Dijon-Mulhouse line of the TGV Rhine-Rhone is planned to start in 2006.
[edit] Canal Network
The canal from the Rhône to the Rhine crosses Sundgau by Montreux-Vieux, Dannemarie and Illfurth. It has existed since 1824 and was conceived by Freycinet. Nowadays, it is too narrow for large barges and serves mainly for pleasure craft. A large project for the construction of a canal linking the Rhine to the Saone, passing along the Doubs, has been abandoned. Indirectly, it would have linked central Europe (Rhine, Danube, North Sea and Baltic Sea) to the Mediterranean without having to ship merchandise through the Straits of Gibraltar. But the anger of agriculturalists and environmentalists influenced the Minister of the Environment to abandon the project in 1998.
[edit] Tourism
The General Council of Haut-Rhin has taken an interest in Sundgau and in developing tourism in the region since 2000, along the lines of the management of the source of the Ill or the construction of a rest area on the route D419 near Chavannes-sur-l'étang. Sundgau is a region where the lifestyle permits the development of Green Tourism (i.e. where the visitor seeks calm, wishes to be in direct contact with nature, and has activities such as countryside walks and drives available).
[edit] Heritage
- Château of Ferrette (612 mètres high, it was the château of the counts of Ferrette);
- Château of Morimont;
- Château of Landskron;
- Hundsbach Mill;
- Ancient Cistercian abbey of Lucelle destroyed during the Revolution, and rebuilt as a hotel;
- Romanesque church of Feldbach;
- Romanesque church of Altkirch;
- Sundgauvien museum in Altkirch;
- Hirtzbach (the village won 4 flowers in a national competition organised by the Conseil pour le Fleurissement de la France which promotes flower-planting).
[edit] Notable Sundgauviens
- Félix Voulot, sculptor (1899-1905)
- Jean-Jacques Henner, painter (1829-1905)
- Joseph Gilardoni, founder of the Gilardoni cement factory
- Xavier Jourdain, textile industrialist (1798-1866)
- Charles Zumstein, farmer-poet, diviner 1867-1963
[edit] External links
- Promsundgau tourism site for Sundgau
- Historical Society of Sundgau (in French)
- Events in Sundgau and Altkirch (in French)
- Tourist Office for the Altkirch region (in French)
- Discover the Alsatian Jura
- Discovering Alsace and Sundgau (in French and German)
- Sundau through the wars
