W. S. Gilbert was an English dramatist, librettist and illustrator best known for his fourteen comic operas produced in collaboration with the composer Sir Arthur Sullivan. Gilbert's most popular collaborations with Sullivan, including H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance, and The Mikado (one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre) and most of their other Savoy operas continue to be performed regularly today throughout the English-speaking world and beyond by opera companies, repertory companies, schools and community theatre groups. Lines from these works have permanently entered the English language, including "short, sharp shock", "What never? Well, hardly ever!", and "let the punishment fit the crime". Gilbert also wrote the Bab Ballads, an extensive collection of light verse accompanied by his own comical drawings. His creative output included over 75 plays and libretti, numerous stories, poems, lyrics and various other comic and serious pieces. His plays and realistic style of stage direction inspired other dramatists, including Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw. (more...)

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• Ségolène Royal (pictured) wins the Socialist Party's nomination for President of France in next year's election; she becomes France's first-ever female presidential candidate representing a major party.
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A Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis) in Mount Rainier National Park, its cheek pouches full of food. This species of squirrel is native throughout North America and can be found in a wide variety of forest habitats as well as rocky meadows, and even sagebrush flats. It is similar to a chipmunk not only in appearance but behavior as well.

Photo credit: K.lee
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November 18: Independence Day in Latvia (1918), National Day in Oman (1940)

• 1307 - William Tell, a legendary marksman in Switzerland, is said to have successfully shot an apple on the head of his son with a single bolt from his crossbow.
• 1626 - St. Peter's Basilica (pictured) was consecrated on the anniversary of that of the previous church in 326.
• 1905 - Prince Carl of Denmark became Haakon VII, the first King of Norway after the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved.
• 1987 - An underground fire kills 31 people at London's busiest underground station at King's Cross St Pancras.
• 1991 - The Croatian city of Vukovar is captured by Republic of Serbian Krajina forces, ending an 87-day siege.

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