Somatotype

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The three somatotypes -- endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic -- are basic classifications of animal body types according to the prominence of different basic tissues types, roughly: digestive, muscular, and nervous tissues. They form the core of a theory, developed in the 1940s by American psychologist William Sheldon, associating body types with human temperament types. This linkage is fairly simplistic and is seen as outdated in physiological science, but the account of somatotypes is still probably a valid, if limited way to sort basic body types.

1 Somatotype theory
2 Modern assessments
3 Health danger from trying to change one’s body-type perception
4 Sheldon's body types in popular culture
5 Defense of Sheldon by supporters
6 Sources
7 See also
8 External links

[edit] Somatotype theory

Using anthropometric methods Sheldon studied the photographed bodies of some 4,000 men from front view, side view, and back view. He concluded that the physique of men can be divided into the contribution of three fundamental elements: the somatotypes. He named his somatotypes after the three germ layers of embryonic development: the endoderm, that develops into the digestive tract, the mesoderm, that is to become muscle, heart and blood vessels, and the ectoderm that is to form the nervous system. Sheldon’s “somatotypes” and their (presumed and supposed) associated psychological traits can be summarised as follows:

Endomorphic body type -- Typically centered around the digestive system and can easily become overweight. The endomorphic person also has a visceral temperament, which means that they are tolerant, love comfort and luxury, and are extroverted – in short he or she loves food and people. Stereotype: the “jolly fat person”.^{[citation needed]}

In July 2006, a study "contradicted" this stereotype, indicating that obese individuals in the United States were more likely to have been diagnosed with depression, bipolar disorder, and panic disorder/agoraphobia (PMID 16818872). Of note, they had a 25% lower lifetime risk of substance abuse. However, the United States is known to have the biggest proportion of obese people in the world - which does not indicate a higher amount of endomorphs but rather a higher amount of people with eating disorders. Anyone can become fat - even an ectomorph - and being fat is not the same as 'being endomorphic'; therefore the disorders above merely illuminate disorders that cause, are caused by or can go hand-in-hand with eating disorders.

Mesomorphic body type - Typically speaking mesomorphs are strong and have an athletic build. The body type is centered around muscle and the circulatory system. They can develop and build muscle mass without much difficulty and can usually eat without too much fear of gaining weight. Mesomorph males generally have a V-shaped upper body and females usually have a classic hourglass shape. Some examples of athletes who have mesomorphic qualities are baseball players, soccer players, rugby players and triathlon athletes. The mesomorphic person has a somatotonic temperament, and is courageous, energetic, active, dynamic, assertive, aggressive, competitive, and often a risk taker. Stereotype: the “jock” or “GI Joe”.^{[citation needed]}

Ectomorphic body type -- The physique of an ectomorph is centered around the brain and nerves. These people are slim and possibly underweight, and will often have a hard time gaining weight and building muscle mass. The ectomorphic person is likely to have a cerebrotonic temperament and could be described as artistic, sensitive, apprehensive, introverted, socially restrained, and highly self-aware. Examples of ectomorphs would be marathon runners, swimmers, some basketball players, and fashion models. Stereotype: the "Klein".^{[citation needed]}

In his book Atlas of Men Sheldon categorised all possible body types according to a scale ranging from 1 to 7 for each of the somatotypes, where the true endomorph is 7-1-1, the pure mesomorph 1-7-1 and the 100% ectomorph scores 1-1-7. From type number, an individual’s mental characteristics could supposedly be predicted. Sheldon's research showed that a predisposition towards criminality might be influenced by a somatotype high in endomorphy and mesomorphy; on the other hand, ectomorphs were found to be more common in mental institution

[edit] Modern assessments

Some of this is useful general and human biology, if weak behavioral science. Advanced triploblastic animals, such as mammals, or modern humans in particular, do have these three basic tissue layers. Disecting a cadaver and weighing the tissue broken down into the three layers of origin renders results that support Sheldon’s thesis, but only to a degree. ^{[citation needed]} Sheldon himself was more a behavioral psychologist than either an anatomist or a physiologist. His behavioral conclusions were based largely on interviews which he or his students carried out over a long span of time, and the actual psychometric data was often more suggestive than conclusive. The physical traits are still a useful way of defining body types, and filtered of these conclusions, may provide a base-line for future research.

[edit] Health danger from trying to change one’s body-type perception

Researchers have noted that many Americans growing up in and after the period of Sheldon’s work consciously tried to “morph” into a different somatotypic group. Nobody wanted to be the proverbial 98-pound weakling. Many slender men consciously “carbed up” to gain an unhealthful forty extra pounds so that they could look more like the stereotypical mesomorphic “jock.” These same men may now be more obese than they appear, or may have even died from the transformation. Carrying around excessive weight can have negative health implications such as joint problems, heart disease, diabetes, bowel cancer, high blood pressure and sleep apnea.

[edit] Sheldon's body types in popular culture

The Chipmunk characters Alvin (mesomorph), Simon (ectomorph), and Theodore (endomorph) adhere strongly to Sheldon’s types in both mind and body.

In "Weird Al" Yankovic's song, "Wanna B Ur Lovr", one of his pickup lines is "I like your skeletal structure, baby, you're an ectomorph no doubt".

In Penn & Teller's show Bullshit! (episode 2-12 "Exercise vs. Genetics") the three somatotypes are illustrated, explained and presented (without mention of the fact that they are obsolete).^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Defense of Sheldon by supporters

The words endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic are still sometimes used to describe body types, maybe especially in association with weight training aimed at gaining muscle. In some types of New Age there is an interest in this kind of correlation between physiology and psyche, but the majority of scientists today generally consider these theories from the 1930s and 1940s outdated. Sheldon's theories arose during World War II and some saw in the somatotypes a link to the Nazi ideology of genetic cleansing and racial hygiene. After World War II, interest in studying inborn temperament was quickly rejected as anti-democractic, or worse. Sheldon's 4,000 photographs of nude Yale undergraduates were destroyed. ^{[citation needed]}

Sheldon's ideas about links between body type, temperament, and cognition are under revival because of the neurobiological revolution and development of new scientific methods. ^{[citation needed]} Sheldon's ideas were not original but a variation on an old idea, beginning with Aristotle's concept of the "vegetative soul". Harvard psychologist Jerome Kagan has convincingly shown the existence of inborn temperament across diverse cultures, linking cardinal traits to neurochemical activation patterns involving the autonomic nervous system. Antonio Damasio's theory of frontal lobe function, the somatic marker theory, posits goal directed behavior as primarily directed by heavy somatosensory input from the internal milieu. It is not a large leap to consider a role for different patterns of somatosensory input in persons with different body types.

[edit] Sources

William Sheldon. The Varieties of Human Physique: An Introduction to Constitutional Psychology. New York: Harper, 1940.
——— The Varieties of Temperament: A Psychology of Constitutional Differences. New York: Harper, 1942.
——— Varieties of Delinquent Youth: An Introduction to Constitutional Psychiatry. New York: Harper, 1949.
——— Atlas of Men: A Guide for Somatotyping the Adult Male at All Ages. New York: Harper, 1954.
Emil M. Hartl, Edward P. Monnelly, and Roland D. Elderkin. Physique and Delinquent Behavior: A Thirty-year Follow-up of William H. Sheldon’s Varieties of Delinquent Youth. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
Psychology and Life, 7 ed. by Richard Gerrig and Phillip G. Zimbardo