Sijo
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| Sijo | |
|---|---|
| Hangul: | 시조 |
| Hanja: | 時調 |
| Revised Romanization: | Sijo |
| McCune-Reischauer: | Sijo |
Sijo is a modern term for a Korean style of lyrical poetry, originally called tanga (literally, "short song"). The sijo strongly resembles Japanese haiku in having a strong foundation in nature in a short profound structure. Bucolic, metaphysical and astronomical themes are often explored. The lines average 14-16 syllables, for a total of 44-46. There is a pause in the middle of each line, so in English they are sometimes printed in six lines instead of three. Most poets follow these guidelines very closely although there are longer examples. The most famous example is possibly this piece by Yun Seondo:
- You ask how many friends I have? Water and stone, bamboo and pine.
- The moon rising over the eastern hill is a joyful comrade.
- Besides these five companions, what other pleasure should I ask?
Yun Seondo (1587-1671) also wrote a famous collection of forty sijo of the changing seasons through the eyes of a fisherman. Following is the first verse from the Spring sequence; Notice the added refrains in lines 2 and 4.
- Sun lights up the hill behind, mist rises on the channel ahead.
- Push the boat, push the boat!
- The night tide has gone out, the morning tide is coming in.
- Chigukch'ong, chigukch'ong, oshwa!
- Untamed flowers along the shore reach out to the far village.
Either narrative or thematic, this lyric verse introduces a situation or problem in line 1, development (called a turn) in line 2, and a strong conclusion beginning with a surprise (a twist) in line 3, which resolves tensions or questions raised by the other lines and provides a memorable ending.
- Where pure snow flakes melt
- Dark clouds gather threatening
- Where art the spring flowers abloom?
- A lonely figure lost in the shadow
- of sinking sun, I have no place to go.
- Yi Saek (1328-1395), on the decline of Goryeo Kingdom.
Korean poetry can be traced at least as far back as 17 BC with King Yuri's Song of Yellow Birds but its roots are in still earlier Chinese quatrains. Sijo, Korea's favorite poetic genre, is often traced to Confucian monks of the eleventh century, but its roots, too, are in those earlier forms. Its greatest flowering occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries under the Joseon Dynasty. The earliest poem of the sijo genre is from the 14th century:
- The spring breeze melted snow on the hills then quickly disappeared.
- I wish I could borrow it briefly to blow over my hair
- And melt away the aging frost forming now about my ears.
Sijo is, first and foremost, a song. This lyric pattern gained popularity in royal courts amongst the yangban as a vehicle for religious or philosophical expression, but a parallel tradition arose among the commoners. Sijo were sung or chanted with musical accompaniment, and this tradition survives. The word originally referred only to the music, but it has come to be identified with the lyrics.
- 동지달 기나긴 밤을 한 허리를 버혀 내여
- 춘풍 이불 아래 서리허리 넣었다가
- 어른 님 오신 날 밤이여드란 구비구비 펴리라
- I will break the back of this long, midwinter night,
- Folding it double, cold beneath my spring quilt,
- That I may draw out the night, should my love return.
- Hwang Jin-i (1522-1565) The revered female Korean sijo poet, she was also a gisaeng, a professional female entertainer.
Note: With minor alterations, the material on this page is taken from TheWORDshop's pages on The Sijo. The English adaptations of verses by Yun Seondo and U Tak are by Larry Gross. Some of the information on the origins of sijo, and the English adaptation by David R. McCann of the verse by Hwang Jin-i, are taken from Kichung Kim's An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori.
[edit] The Western Experience: Sijo Composed in the English Language
In 1986 the journal Poet dedicated an entire issue to classic Korean sijo translated into English by Korean-American Kim Unsong (a.k.a. William Kim). This was followed by Unsong's Classical Korean Poems (Sijo) in 1987, and Sijo By Korean Poets in China and Poems of Modern Sijo (a collection of his originals) in the mid 1990's. These poems found a devoted audience in American WORDshop publisher Larry Gross and Canadian haiku poet Elizabeth St. Jacques. As a result, a volume of original English-language sijo (Around the Tree of Light) by St. Jacques appeared in 1995. Soon after, Gross launched the first issue of Sijo West with St. Jacques as assistant editor. It was the world's first poetry journal dedicated to the English-language sijo, and soon caught on rather well with English-language poets dedicated to haiku and other forms of Asian verse.
Since then, unfortunately, Sijo West has folded (in 1999, after five ground-breaking issues); reportedly, due to personal problems and tragedies undergone by Gross. Shortly after, St. Jacques reemerged with a series of online postings known as Sijo Blossoms (circa 2001), which, apparently, has since evolved into the Sijo In The Light section of her Poetry In The Light website. Sijo In The Light, like the defunct Sijo West, features original English-language sijo, as well as essays and reviews.
In 2005, R. W. Watkins,creator of the seminal English-language Contemporary Ghazals, published a low budget "one-off" issue of Contemporary Sijo. Watkins has described it as his interpretation of where Sijo West might have gone, and insists that he might produce sequels in the future as submissions of English-language sijo, translations of classics, reviews and essays materialize. Watkins, it should be noted, created some controversy in 1999 when he published (in the now-defunct Lynx) an essay, co-written with Rynn Jacobs (whose poems have been described as "so modern they border on 'punk sijo' "), criticizing the weaknesses and pitfalls of the six-line sijo. The essay was reprinted in his Contemporary Sijo, and a reactionary essay by Elizabeth St. Jacques can be found at her aforementioned website.
In addition to Unsong, Gross, St. Jacques, Watkins and Jacobs, sijo have been written in the English language in fair quantities by Lesley Einer, Ronan, Marcyn Del Clements, Marjorie Buettner, Gene Doty, and Eve Jeanette Blohm.
[edit] See also
- An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori by Kichung Kim.
- List of Korea-related topics
- Korean culture
- Korean Confucian art
