Sentinelese
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| Sentinelese | |
|---|---|
| Total population | approx. 250 (median estimate) 2001 Census: 39 (official, but incomplete, count) |
| Regions with significant populations | exclusively on North Sentinel Island (India) |
| Language | Sentinelese language, unclassified, but generally held to be one of the Andamanese languages |
| Religion | indigenous beliefs, details unknown. Apparently limited ritual activity. |
| Related ethnic groups | other indigenous Andamanese peoples, particularly Onge |
The Sentinelese (also Sentineli, Senteneli, Sentenelese, North Sentinel Islanders) are one of the Andamanese indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands, located in the Bay of Bengal. They exclusively inhabit North Sentinel Island which lies westwards off the southern tip of the Great Andaman archipelago. They are noted for vigorously maintaining their independence and sovereignty over the island, and resisting attempts of contact by outsiders. By their long-standing separation from any other human society they are among the most isolated and unassimilated peoples on Earth, their social practices being almost entirely free of any recorded external influence.
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[edit] Population
The present population of the Sentinelese is not known with any great degree of accuracy, and estimates have been produced ranging from a low of fewer than 40, through to a median of around 250, and up to a maximum of 500. In the 2001 Census of India, officials recorded 39 individuals[1] (21 males and 18 females); however, out of necessity this survey was conducted from a distance[2] and almost certainly does not represent an accurate figure for the population who range over the 72-km² island. Any medium– or long–term impact on the Sentinelese population arising from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and resulting tsunami remains unknown, other than the confirmation obtained that they had survived the immediate aftermath.
On previous visits, groups of some 20-40 individuals were encountered, and habitations of 40-60 individuals were found on two occasions; the latter probably is a better approximation of group size as some individuals are almost certainly hiding out of sight any time the Sentinelese are encountered by outsiders; this would suggest that some 2-6 groups occupy the island. The rule-of-thumb population density of 1.5 sq km/individual in comparable hunter-gatherer societies indicates that one such group could live off the land alone, but a significant amount of food is derived from the sea, and the groups encountered at any one time could only have come from a rather small part of the island. There appear to be slightly more males than females, but this is probably due to observer bias. At any given time, about half of the couples seemed to have dependent children or the women were pregnant.
[edit] Characteristics
The Sentinelese and other indigenous Andamanese peoples are frequently described as negritos, a somewhat indistinct and out of date anthropological term, which has been applied to variously widely-separated peoples in Southeast Asia, such as the Semang of the Malay archipelago and the Aeta of the Philippines, as well as sometimes to other peoples as far afield as South America and Australia. The defining characteristics of these 'negrito' peoples include a comparatively short stature, dark skin and "peppercorn" hair, qualities also found commonly across the continent of Africa. The Sentinelese themselves appear however to be markedly taller on average than other Andamanese peoples, being somewhat above average human size in males (1.8 m/6 ft) and of average size in females (1.6 m/5.4 ft).
[edit] Material culture
Most of what is known about Sentinelese material culture is based on observations made by a late 20th century period of contact attempts.
The Sentinelese maintain an essentially hunter-gatherer society, obtaining their subsistence through hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plants; there is no evidence of any agricultural practices among them.
Their dwellings are either shelter-type huts with no side walls and a floor sometimes laid out with leaves, which provide enough space for a nuclear family of 3 or 4 and their belongings, or larger communal dwellings which may be some dozen square meters and are more elaborately constructed, with raised floors and partitioned family quarters.
It is frequently asserted that they rely upon natural events such as lightning strikes to obtain fire, but it is not known whether they also manufacture it; certainly, since the earliest reports of these people it has been observed that they maintain campfires on a nightly basis. Neither the presumably related Onge and Jarawa know how to start a fire themselves. Advanced metalwork is unknown, as raw materials on the island are bound to be extremely rare. However, it has been observed that they have made adroit use of metal materials which have washed up or been left behind on their shores, having some ability to cold smithing and sharpening iron and incorporating it into weapons and other items. For example, in the late 1980s two international container ships ran aground on the island's external coral reefs, from which the Sentinelese retrieved several items of iron.[3]
Sentinelese wear no clothes, but utilize leaves, fibre strings or similar material as decorations, and fashion belts which are apparently worn to provide some protection to the groin during potentially dangerous activity such as hunting or when encountering potentially hostile strangers.
Their weaponry consists of an excellent flatbow with high accuracy against human-sized targets up to nearly 100 meters and able to fire javelins. At least 3 varieties of arrows apparently for fishing and hunting are known, and untipped ones for firing warning shots are documented. Fishing arrows have a number of forward-pointing prongs, and hunting arrows have ovoid arrowheads, with bodkin-type tips for both purposes, the latter two as well as their associated barbs below the tip made from iron. The arrows are over one meter (4 ft) long. The harpoon- or javelin-type arrows are nearly half again as long, slightly longer than the bows (over 5 ft), and can also be thrown or used for stabbing, but the latter probably only rarely.
For procuring large fish, a harpoon is used which is similar in design to the fishing arrows but nearly 2.5 meters (8 ft) long. Knives are also known, but to what extent the Sentinelese fashion them themselves is unclear.
Known tools include adzes, pounding and smithing stones, and various finely- or coarsely- woven baskets for small-grained or larger goods as well as bamboo and wooden containers. Fires are maintained as embers inside dwellings, possibly assisted by resin torches. There exist fishing nets and basic outrigger canoes used for fishing and collecting shellfish from the lagoon but not for open-sea excursions.
Food consists primarily of plantstuffs gathered in the forest, coconuts which are frequently found on the beaches as flotsam and which appear to be much relished, and pigs and presumably other wildlife (which apart from sea turtles is limited to some smaller birds and invertebrates). Wild honey is known to be collected and the Sentinelese use a kind of rake to pull down branches for gathering fruit or nuts, such as sapodilla and pandanus.
[edit] Language and social practices
Virtually nothing is known of the Sentinelese language, and no word lists or language samples have been collected by researchers. It is presumably an Andamanese language, but how closely it may be related to other languages of that family is unknown. The language is apparently all but unintelligible with Great Andamanese Aka-Bea, while three Onge would become very frightened at being threatened in Sentinelese though they could not understand the wording. Using gestures and sounds, some means of communication could be achieved which was sufficient to agree upon a location to deposit coconuts brought as a gift.
They are actively hostile to unknown intruders requiring frequent shows of peaceful intent before allowing outsiders to come into arrow range. Attempts to leave them material goods from the late 1960s on have resulted in household ware and metal objects being utilized, coconuts being eaten but not planted (no local population of Cocos nucifera appeared to exist before the planting of saplings in 1987), pigs are not eaten but shot and buried, as was a doll. Red buckets were taken with apparent delight, while green ones were rejected.
A strategy that resulted in possibilities for close-quarter observation was that after an initial period of some 10 years, repeated dropping of material, chiefly coconuts, were deposited on deserted stretches of beach. Groups approaching to pick up the goods being monitored and censused from a safe distance, breaking off contact when the Sentinelese indicated they wished so by presenting their weapons and mock aiming at the contact party. Face-to-face contact was discontinued in the 1990s; more recent observations have been from a longer distance or from the air.
Sentinelese have been observed to engage in imprompto musical, dancing and rhythmic performance as a sign of joy and exhilaration. A curious incident occurred on March 29, 1970, when the research expedition's surveying party found themselves cornered on the reef flats between North Sentinel and Constance Island: A group of Sentinelese men threatened them with bows and arrows from a distance, but the situation was eventually broken up by Sentinelese women engaging the men in a mass orgy in the face of the amazed researchers, after which most of them retired to the forest with only a few guards overseeing the escape of the surveying party. Among the items encountered in a settlement was a rectangular board which looked like an 8 x 8 square-chessboard; the origin and significance of this object is unknown but the Onge and Jarawa do not have boardgames.
Pig skulls are are deposited in quantities near settlements, or are decorated with ochre and are kept for trophies. Items of red color, as noted above, seems to be popular and/or significant; the Sentinelese apparently utilize a red dye for fibre-string ornaments on occasion. Artwork appears to be unknown except for simple but pleasing linear patterns applied to bows and javelins.
Ritual practices remain all but unknown. Dead infants are apparently buried in graves on which a nautilus shell and smaller seashells are placed. Next to the embers maintained in the dwellings, a stick roughly resembling a five-fingered hand is stuck in the ground upright; this obviously has some cultic significance, but nothing further is known about it.
[edit] Contemporary situation
Their island is nominally part of and administered by the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands; however, in practice the Sentinelese exercise complete autonomy over their affairs and the involvement of the Indian authorities is restricted to occasional monitoring, even more infrequent and brief visits, and generally discouraging any access or approaches to the island.
From 1967 on the Indian authorities in Port Blair embarked on a programme of official but limited attempts at contacting the Sentinelese, under the auspices of the Director of Tribal Welfare and anthropologist T. N. Pandit. These "Contact Expeditions" consisted of a series of planned visits which would progressively leave "gifts", such as coconuts, on the shores, in an attempt to coax the Sentinelese from their customary hostile reception of outsiders. For a while these seemed to have some limited success; however the programme was discontinued in the late 1990s following a series of hostile encounters resulting in several deaths in a similar programme practiced with the Jarawa people of South and Middle Andaman Islands and because of the danger of introducing diseases. The Sentinelese remain skeptical and generally hostile to any approaches from outsiders.
In 2006, Sentinelese archers killed two fishermen who were fishing illegally within range of the island, and drove off the helicopter that was sent to retrieve their bodies with a hail of arrows.[4] To this date, their bodies remain unrecovered.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Census of India 2001 (pdf), A&N Islands, Number of Households, Total Population and Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
- ^ as noted in description text on 29 April 2005 image, North Sentinel Island, European Space Agency
- ^ Master Plan1991-2021 for Welfare of Primitive Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sec. II Ch. 21. Dept. of Tribal Welfare, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administration; as reproduced in Andaman Book
- ^ Stone Age tribe kills fishermen The Sydney Morning Herald
- Pandit, T. N. (1990): The Sentinelese. Seagull Books, Calcutta. ISBN 8170460816
[edit] External links
- "The Last Island of the Savages", in-depth article by Adam Goodheart
- Another article from the same site
- Brief factsheet about the indigenous people of the Andaman Islands, by the Andaman & Nicobar Administration
- Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference
