Revolución Libertadora

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The Revolución Libertadora (Spanish, Liberating Revolution) was a military uprising that ended the second presidential term of Juan Domingo Perón in Argentina, on September 16, 1955.

President Perón was first elected in 1946. In 1949 a constitutional amendment sponsored by the government introduced a number of workers' rights and the possibility of presidential reelection. Perón was reelected in 1952. At the time his administration was widely supported by the labor unions, the military and the Catholic Church.

However, economic problems, some of the government's policies and Perón's own personalism changed this situation. The opposition criticized Perón because of its treatment of dissidents (writers, artists, politicians and other intellectuals were harassed and sometimes were forced to exile). The Church distanced itself from Perón and by 1954 it was decidedly anti-Peronist, which also influenced the more religious and nationalistic factions of the military. The government, which had first granted privileges to the Church, now took them away in a distinctly confrontational fashion (see State-Church relations in Argentina for details).

By 1955 Perón had lost the leadership of a large part of the military, who conspired with other political actors (members of the Radical Party and the Socialist Party, as well as conservative groups). There were several uprisings in different parts of the country. On June 14, Catholic bishops spoke against Perón during a Corpus Christi procession which turned into a demonstration; during the night, extremist Peronist groups attacked and burned several churches. On June 16 Navy airplanes bombed the Plaza de Mayo, wounding or killing hundreds of civilians.

The only important political support for Perón came from the CGT (the main confederation of labor unions), which called the workers to defend the president. Perón addressed a workers' demonstration on August 31.

On September 16 a new uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, deposed Perón and established a provisional government. For several days, there was some fighting in places like Córdoba Province (Gen. Lonardi's central command), the Puerto Belgrano Naval Base near Bahía Blanca, another naval base near La Plata, and several Army garrisons in Corrientes Province. Two rebel destroyers, blockading the Río de la Plata, were straffed by loyalist aircraft. The city of Mar del Plata was subjected to naval bombardment, and scattered skirmishes and air strikes took place elsewhere, including Buenos Aires itself. There were more than 200 casualties overall. After realizing that the country was on the brink of civil war, Perón resigned and sought asylum in Paraguay.

On September 23 General Lonardi assumed the presidency and gave a speech from the balcony of the Casa Rosada, saying that there would be "neither victors nor vanquished" (ni vencedores ni vencidos), and promising that the interim administration would end as soon as the country was "reorganized". His conciliatory tone earned him the opposition of hard-liners, and in November an internal coup deposed Lonardi and placed General Aramburu in the presidency.

After the Revolución Libertadora Perón and his followers were accused of treason, and Eva Perón's remains were moved to an undisclosed location. Public references to Perón or his late wife, including songs, writings and pictures, were forbidden. The Peronist Party suffered a proscription that was to last until Perón's return in 1973, even though Perón influenced the results of the 1958 and 1963 elections from his exile in Madrid.