Project Alberta
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Project Alberta was a section of the Manhattan Project which developed the means of delivering the first atomic bombs, used by the United States Army Air Forces against the Empire of Japan during World War II. Also known as Project A, the mission of Project Alberta was three-fold: (1) design a bomb shape for delivery by airplane, then procure and assemble it; (2) continue the testing work of Army Air Force Projects W-47 (ballistic testing of atomic bomb design) and Silverplate (modification of B-29s to perform the mission); and (3) train aircrews and ordnance crews in preparation for deployment overseas. Project Alberta consisted of approximately 55 scientists, engineers and military personnel who worked in conjunction with the 509th Composite Group, commanded by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets.
Project Alberta began in the October 1943 as Group E-7 of the Ordnance Division at Los Alamos under Dr. Norman F. Ramsey, with parallel military work being conducted by the USAAF 216th Base Unit at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, under the name Project W-47. Initial work included designing the exterior casings for the bombs, and discerning the ballistics information necessary to achieve reasonable accuracy and develop delivery tactics for protection of the crew from the resulting blast. For this task the initial Silverplate B-29 modification, known as the Pullman B-29, was used in flight tests at Muroc Army Air Field in March and June 1944.
Much of its work, particularly from March 1945 forward, consisted in training aircrews, using B-29 Superfortresses modified to "Silverplate" specifications, and in training members of the 1st Ordnance Squadron (Special, Aviation), a highly classified unit of the 509th CG created March 6, 1945, whose function would be to assemble to bombs on Tinian. Project Alberta was also responsible for developing the radar altimeters, timing clocks, and barometric switches placed in the weapons to keep them from prematurely detonating aboard the aircraft, before reaching detonation altitude, or remotely by emissions from Japanese equipment.
After completion of its development and training missions, Project Alberta assigned 51 of its members designated as the 1st Technical Service Detachment (but referred to as the Destination Team) to the 509th CG at North Field, Tinian. Selection of Tinian had been made by Cdr. Frederick L. Ashworth in February 1945 after an on-location visit, and under his command the Destination Team was responsible for the preparation of facilities to assemble and load the weapons, and to supervise their use during the actual missions.
Key personnel of Project Alberta were:
- Captain William S. Parsons, USN, Officer-in-Charge
- CDR Frederick L. Ashworth, USN, Operations Officer/Deputy Officer-in-Charge
- Dr. Norman F. Ramsey, Jr., Scientific and Technical Deputy
- Lt.Col. Peer de Silva, USA Military Intelligence, Commander, 1st Technical Service Detachment, and courier of Fat Man plutonium core
- Dr. Roger S. Warner, Jr., Fat Man Assembly Team
- LCDR Albert Francis Birch, USNR, Little Boy Assembly Team
The physician Bernard Waldman, a member of the Project Alberta, was assigned to the crew of Necessary Evil, the B-29 that photographied the explosion of Hiroshima. Waldman was responsible for the Pentax camera that could take 7000 frames per second.
[edit] Sources
- Campbell, Richard H., The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs (2005), ISBN 0-7864-2139-8
- Harlow, Russ. W., Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II (1990),
- Hoddision, Lillian, and Henricksen, Paul W., Critical Assembly (1993), University of Cambridge Press
- National Archives, memo Ashworth to Groves, 24 Feb 45, on selection of Tinian airbase
- National Archives, Instructions to CG XXI Bomber Command, 29 May 45, regarding 'Project A'
[edit] External links
- Project Alberta/Destination Team roster of personnel
- Wendover Air Field historical information from globalsecurity.org
